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Pathology > Intracellular & Extracellular accumulation > Flashcards

Intracellular & Extracellular accumulation Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular

What are the 3 categories of intracellular accumulations?

A

Normal cellular constituent accumulated
Abnormal substance
Pigment

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2
Q

Intracellular

What type of lipids can accumulate in cells?

A

All types

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3
Q

Intracellular

What are the 3 main mechanisms of Steatosis?

A

Excessive free fatty acids
Mitochondria injury (Toxins / Hypoxia)
-> Beta - oxidation (D)
Impaired synthesis of apoprotein
(Apoprotein carries lipid around the body)

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4
Q

Intracellular

What are the 5 causes of Steatosis?

A

Pregnancy
Obesity
Starvation
Genetically inherited disorders
Diabetes

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5
Q

Intracellular

What are the difference between Steatosis & hydropic degeneration?

A

Nuclei of hepatocytes are pushed to the side in Steatosis

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6
Q

Intracellular

What is fatty infiltration?

A

Increase number of adipocyte

e.g. Skeletal muscle atrophy maybe replaced by adipocyte (OLD PEOPLE FAT)

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7
Q

Intracellular

What is the causes of Glucocorticoid hepatopathy?

A

Enzyme deficiency

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8
Q

Intracellular

How to differentiate between Steatosis & Glucocorticoid hepatopathy?

A

Nuclei of hepatocytes are pushed to the side in Steatosis

While glycogen in hepatocytes forms irregular clear space w/ indistinct outlines
Nuclei are not pushed

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9
Q

Intracellular

What are the 3 causes of intracellular hyaline proteins?

A

Reabsorption of protein from proteinuria into renal proximal tubular epithelium

Excessive production of normal protein
*** Russell bodies in Mott cells (Plasma cell)

Defects in protein folding

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10
Q

Intracellular

Are crystalline protein inclusion bodies normal for old animals?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Intracellular

What are 2 common locations for crystalloid (crystalline protein inclusion bodies)?

A

Hepatocytes and Renal tubular epithelium

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12
Q

Intracellular

What are the exception virus for DNA viral intranuclear inclusion body?
Also, is it eosinophilic, basophilic or amphiphilic?

A

Poxvirus
Eosinophilic

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13
Q

Intracellular

Is lead inclusion bodies intracellular or intranuclear?

A

Intranuclear

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14
Q

Intracellular

What is the staining for lead inclusion bodies?

A

Acid-fast (inset)

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15
Q

Extracellular

What is the staining for hyaline casts in lumens of renal tubules and amyloid in glomeruli?

A

Congo red staining

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16
Q

Extracellular

What does DIC ( disseminated intravascular coagulation ) cause?

A

Hyaline microthrombi
( Abnormal clotting of blood in capillaries )

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17
Q

Extracellular

Where can hyaline membrane be found?

A

Alveolar

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18
Q

Extracellular

What is fibrinoid change?

A

Deposition of immunoglobulin, complement and plasma proteins in the wall of vessels

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19
Q

Extracellular

What causes gout?

A

Deposition of sodium urate crystal

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20
Q

Extracellular

What causes cholesterol crystal?

A

By-products of hemorrhage & necrosis

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21
Q

Extracellular

What are the two types of calcification?

A

Metastatic
Dystrophic

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22
Q

Extracellular

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Influx of calcium into dead / dying cell and accumulates in mitochondria

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23
Q

Extracellular

What are the causes of metastatic calcification?

A

Renal failure
Vitamin D toxicosis
Parathormone / PTH-related protein
Destruction of bone

24
Q

Extracellular

Why does renal failure causes metastatic calcification?

A

Renal failure results in retention of phosphate, which induce a secondary hypercalcemia

25
Q

Extracellular

What is PTH-related protein?

A

Canine adenocarcinoma of apocrine glands of anal sac produces PTH like protein which causes hypercalcemia

26
Q

Extracellular

What is ectopic ossification?

A

Production of bone at abnormal site

27
Q

Extracellular

What are the two types of ectopic bones?

A

Heterotopic metaplasia
Osseous metaplasia

28
Q

Pigment Exogenous

What are the 3 types of exogenous pigments?

A

Dusts
Carotenoid pigment
Tetracycline

29
Q

Pigment Exogenous

What are the two types of pneumoconiosis?

A

Silicosis ( Inhalation of silicon )
Anthracosis (Inhalation of carbon )

30
Q

Pigment Exogenous

Is it normal to have carotenoid pigments in our body?

A

Yes

31
Q

Pigment Exogenous

Where does tetracycline deposit themselves in? What color does it stain?

A

Teeth
Yellow / brown

32
Q

Pigment Endogenous

What causes melanin hyperpigmentation?

A

Chronic skin injury

33
Q

Pigment Endogenous

What is the end result of autophagocytosis?

A

Lipofuscin

34
Q

Pigment Endogenous

What causes intestinal lipofuscinosis?

A

Inadequate intake of dietary vitamin E

35
Q

Pigment Hematogenous

What are the color of blood with CO poisoning?

A

Cherry

36
Q

Pigment Hematogenous

If colors of intestine is brownish, it is either?

A

Intestinal lipofuscinosis
-> inadequate of vit E
Methemoglobin
-> Fe2+ => Fe3+ in hemoglobin
-> Can’t bind to O2

37
Q

Pigment Hematogenous

What causes acute hemolysis?

A

Chronic copper poisoning

38
Q

Pigment Hematogenous

What causes dark red staining of kidney?

A

Hemoglobin released from intravascular lysed RBC

39
Q

Pigment Hematogenous

What is hemosiderin?

A

Intracellular aggregation of ferritin

40
Q

Pigment Hematogenous

What dyes hemosiderin?

A

Prussian blue

41
Q

Pigment Hematogenous

What are heart failure cells?

A

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages

42
Q

Pigment Hematogenous

What is icterus / jaundice?

A

Defect in heme metabolism

43
Q

Pigment Hematogenous

What are the 3 mechanism causing icterus?

A

Prehepatic
Hepatic
Posthepatic

44
Q

Pigment Hematogenous

What happens in prehepatic icterus?

A

Systemic hemolysis
-> Excess production of bilirubin
-> caused by systemic infectious disease
e.g. Babesia

45
Q

Pigment Hematogenous

What happens in hepatic icterus?

A

Reduced uptake of bilirubin by hepatocytes

Impaired of absent conjugation of bilirubin by hepatocyte, inherited abnormality

Necrosis of hepatocytes
-> Leakage of bilirubin into circulation

Decreased excretion of conjugated bilirubin into bile canaliculus

46
Q

Pigment Hematogenous

What happens in posthepatic icterus?

A

Reduced flow of bile from liver to intestine due to blockage / inflammation

47
Q

Cellular aging

What is telomeres?

A

Repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a chromosomes TTAGGG

Last Okazaki fragment that can be safely lost without damaging essential genetic information

48
Q

Cellular aging

What is telomerase?

A

Enzyme that has the ability to elongate telomeres

Present in cells that requires frequent divisions
-> e.g. Stem cells, germ cells

Absent or minimum amount in most somatic cells

49
Q

Cellular aging

What are the 3 steps of DNA repair?

A

Removal of damaged DNA

Insertion of new base pair by DNA polymerase

DNA ligase repairs nick
( nick : minor disruption in one DNA strand )

50
Q

Cellular aging

What is silent mutation?

A

Base pair substitution that doesn’t result in a change of amino acid

51
Q

Cellular aging

What is missense mutation?

A

Base pair substitution that changes a single acid

Might / might not change the protein function

52
Q

Cellular aging

What is nonsense mutation?

A

Stop codon is produced
-> terminates translation of polypeptide

53
Q

Cellular aging

What is frameshift mutation?

A

Addition / deletion of base pair that is not a multiple of three
-> Completely alters downstream translation

54
Q

Cellular aging

What are the 4 types chromosomal rearrangements?

A

Deletions
Duplications
Inversions
Translocation

55
Q

Cellular aging

What happens in lysosomal storage disease?

A

Deficiency / malfunction of one lysosomal enzyme can cause the incomplete catabolism of substrate
-> Accumulations of insoluble substrates in lysosomes

Pathology (5 decks)

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