Intracellular & Extracellular accumulation

Question 1

Intracellular

What are the 3 categories of intracellular accumulations?

Answer 1

Normal cellular constituent accumulated
Abnormal substance
Pigment

Question 2

Intracellular

What type of lipids can accumulate in cells?

Answer 2

All types

Question 3

Intracellular

What are the 3 main mechanisms of Steatosis?

Answer 3

Excessive free fatty acids
Mitochondria injury (Toxins / Hypoxia)
-> Beta - oxidation (D)
Impaired synthesis of apoprotein
(Apoprotein carries lipid around the body)

Question 4

Intracellular

What are the 5 causes of Steatosis?

Answer 4

Pregnancy
Obesity
Starvation
Genetically inherited disorders
Diabetes

Question 5

Intracellular

What are the difference between Steatosis & hydropic degeneration?

Answer 5

Nuclei of hepatocytes are pushed to the side in Steatosis

Question 6

Intracellular

What is fatty infiltration?

Answer 6

Increase number of adipocyte

e.g. Skeletal muscle atrophy maybe replaced by adipocyte (OLD PEOPLE FAT)

Question 7

Intracellular

What is the causes of Glucocorticoid hepatopathy?

Answer 7

Enzyme deficiency

Question 8

Intracellular

How to differentiate between Steatosis & Glucocorticoid hepatopathy?

Answer 8

Nuclei of hepatocytes are pushed to the side in Steatosis

While glycogen in hepatocytes forms irregular clear space w/ indistinct outlines
Nuclei are not pushed

Question 9

Intracellular

What are the 3 causes of intracellular hyaline proteins?

Answer 9

Reabsorption of protein from proteinuria into renal proximal tubular epithelium

Excessive production of normal protein
*** Russell bodies in Mott cells (Plasma cell)

Defects in protein folding

Question 10

Intracellular

Are crystalline protein inclusion bodies normal for old animals?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

Intracellular

What are 2 common locations for crystalloid (crystalline protein inclusion bodies)?

Answer 11

Hepatocytes and Renal tubular epithelium

Question 12

Intracellular

What are the exception virus for DNA viral intranuclear inclusion body?
Also, is it eosinophilic, basophilic or amphiphilic?

Answer 12

Poxvirus
Eosinophilic

Question 13

Intracellular

Is lead inclusion bodies intracellular or intranuclear?

Answer 13

Intranuclear

Question 14

Intracellular

What is the staining for lead inclusion bodies?

Answer 14

Acid-fast (inset)

Question 15

Extracellular

What is the staining for hyaline casts in lumens of renal tubules and amyloid in glomeruli?

Answer 15

Congo red staining

Question 16

Extracellular

What does DIC ( disseminated intravascular coagulation ) cause?

Answer 16

Hyaline microthrombi
( Abnormal clotting of blood in capillaries )

Question 17

Extracellular

Where can hyaline membrane be found?

Answer 17

Alveolar

Question 18

Extracellular

What is fibrinoid change?

Answer 18

Deposition of immunoglobulin, complement and plasma proteins in the wall of vessels

Question 19

Extracellular

What causes gout?

Answer 19

Deposition of sodium urate crystal

Question 20

Extracellular

What causes cholesterol crystal?

Answer 20

By-products of hemorrhage & necrosis

Question 21

Extracellular

What are the two types of calcification?

Answer 21

Metastatic
Dystrophic

Question 22

Extracellular

What is dystrophic calcification?

Answer 22

Influx of calcium into dead / dying cell and accumulates in mitochondria

Question 23

Extracellular

What are the causes of metastatic calcification?

Answer 23

Renal failure
Vitamin D toxicosis
Parathormone / PTH-related protein
Destruction of bone

Question 24

Extracellular

Why does renal failure causes metastatic calcification?

Answer 24

Renal failure results in retention of phosphate, which induce a secondary hypercalcemia

Question 25

Extracellular What is PTH-related protein?

Answer 25

Canine adenocarcinoma of apocrine glands of anal sac produces PTH like protein which causes hypercalcemia

Question 26

Extracellular What is ectopic ossification?

Answer 26

Production of bone at abnormal site

Question 27

Extracellular What are the two types of ectopic bones?

Answer 27

Heterotopic metaplasia Osseous metaplasia

Question 28

Pigment Exogenous What are the 3 types of exogenous pigments?

Answer 28

Dusts Carotenoid pigment Tetracycline

Question 29

Pigment Exogenous What are the two types of pneumoconiosis?

Answer 29

Silicosis ( Inhalation of silicon ) Anthracosis (Inhalation of carbon )

Question 30

Pigment Exogenous Is it normal to have carotenoid pigments in our body?

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

Pigment Exogenous Where does tetracycline deposit themselves in? What color does it stain?

Answer 31

Teeth Yellow / brown

Question 32

Pigment Endogenous What causes melanin hyperpigmentation?

Answer 32

Chronic skin injury

Question 33

Pigment Endogenous What is the end result of autophagocytosis?

Answer 33

Lipofuscin

Question 34

Pigment Endogenous What causes intestinal lipofuscinosis?

Answer 34

Inadequate intake of dietary vitamin E

Question 35

Pigment Hematogenous What are the color of blood with CO poisoning?

Answer 35

Cherry

Question 36

Pigment Hematogenous If colors of intestine is brownish, it is either?

Answer 36

Intestinal lipofuscinosis -> inadequate of vit E Methemoglobin -> Fe2+ => Fe3+ in hemoglobin -> Can't bind to O2

Question 37

Pigment Hematogenous What causes acute hemolysis?

Answer 37

Chronic copper poisoning

Question 38

Pigment Hematogenous What causes dark red staining of kidney?

Answer 38

Hemoglobin released from intravascular lysed RBC

Question 39

Pigment Hematogenous What is hemosiderin?

Answer 39

Intracellular aggregation of ferritin

Question 40

Pigment Hematogenous What dyes hemosiderin?

Answer 40

Prussian blue

Question 41

Pigment Hematogenous What are heart failure cells?

Answer 41

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages

Question 42

Pigment Hematogenous What is icterus / jaundice?

Answer 42

Defect in heme metabolism

Question 43

Pigment Hematogenous What are the 3 mechanism causing icterus?

Answer 43

Prehepatic Hepatic Posthepatic

Question 44

Pigment Hematogenous What happens in prehepatic icterus?

Answer 44

Systemic hemolysis -> Excess production of bilirubin -> caused by systemic infectious disease e.g. Babesia

Question 45

Pigment Hematogenous What happens in hepatic icterus?

Answer 45

Reduced uptake of bilirubin by hepatocytes Impaired of absent conjugation of bilirubin by hepatocyte, inherited abnormality Necrosis of hepatocytes -> Leakage of bilirubin into circulation Decreased excretion of conjugated bilirubin into bile canaliculus

Question 46

Pigment Hematogenous What happens in posthepatic icterus?

Answer 46

Reduced flow of bile from liver to intestine due to blockage / inflammation

Question 47

Cellular aging What is telomeres?

Answer 47

Repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a chromosomes TTAGGG Last Okazaki fragment that can be safely lost without damaging essential genetic information

Question 48

Cellular aging What is telomerase?

Answer 48

Enzyme that has the ability to elongate telomeres Present in cells that requires frequent divisions -> e.g. Stem cells, germ cells Absent or minimum amount in most somatic cells

Question 49

Cellular aging What are the 3 steps of DNA repair?

Answer 49

Removal of damaged DNA Insertion of new base pair by DNA polymerase DNA ligase repairs nick ( nick : minor disruption in one DNA strand )

Question 50

Cellular aging What is silent mutation?

Answer 50

Base pair substitution that doesn't result in a change of amino acid

Question 51

Cellular aging What is missense mutation?

Answer 51

Base pair substitution that changes a single acid Might / might not change the protein function

Question 52

Cellular aging What is nonsense mutation?

Answer 52

Stop codon is produced -> terminates translation of polypeptide

Question 53

Cellular aging What is frameshift mutation?

Answer 53

Addition / deletion of base pair that is not a multiple of three -> Completely alters downstream translation

Question 54

Cellular aging What are the 4 types chromosomal rearrangements?

Answer 54

Deletions Duplications Inversions Translocation

Question 55

Cellular aging What happens in lysosomal storage disease?

Answer 55

Deficiency / malfunction of one lysosomal enzyme can cause the incomplete catabolism of substrate -> Accumulations of insoluble substrates in lysosomes