Intracellular & Extracellular accumulation Flashcards
Intracellular
What are the 3 categories of intracellular accumulations?
Normal cellular constituent accumulated
Abnormal substance
Pigment
Intracellular
What type of lipids can accumulate in cells?
All types
Intracellular
What are the 3 main mechanisms of Steatosis?
Excessive free fatty acids
Mitochondria injury (Toxins / Hypoxia)
-> Beta - oxidation (D)
Impaired synthesis of apoprotein
(Apoprotein carries lipid around the body)
Intracellular
What are the 5 causes of Steatosis?
Pregnancy
Obesity
Starvation
Genetically inherited disorders
Diabetes
Intracellular
What are the difference between Steatosis & hydropic degeneration?
Nuclei of hepatocytes are pushed to the side in Steatosis
Intracellular
What is fatty infiltration?
Increase number of adipocyte
e.g. Skeletal muscle atrophy maybe replaced by adipocyte (OLD PEOPLE FAT)
Intracellular
What is the causes of Glucocorticoid hepatopathy?
Enzyme deficiency
Intracellular
How to differentiate between Steatosis & Glucocorticoid hepatopathy?
Nuclei of hepatocytes are pushed to the side in Steatosis
While glycogen in hepatocytes forms irregular clear space w/ indistinct outlines
Nuclei are not pushed
Intracellular
What are the 3 causes of intracellular hyaline proteins?
Reabsorption of protein from proteinuria into renal proximal tubular epithelium
Excessive production of normal protein
*** Russell bodies in Mott cells (Plasma cell)
Defects in protein folding
Intracellular
Are crystalline protein inclusion bodies normal for old animals?
Yes
Intracellular
What are 2 common locations for crystalloid (crystalline protein inclusion bodies)?
Hepatocytes and Renal tubular epithelium
Intracellular
What are the exception virus for DNA viral intranuclear inclusion body?
Also, is it eosinophilic, basophilic or amphiphilic?
Poxvirus
Eosinophilic
Intracellular
Is lead inclusion bodies intracellular or intranuclear?
Intranuclear
Intracellular
What is the staining for lead inclusion bodies?
Acid-fast (inset)
Extracellular
What is the staining for hyaline casts in lumens of renal tubules and amyloid in glomeruli?
Congo red staining
Extracellular
What does DIC ( disseminated intravascular coagulation ) cause?
Hyaline microthrombi
( Abnormal clotting of blood in capillaries )
Extracellular
Where can hyaline membrane be found?
Alveolar
Extracellular
What is fibrinoid change?
Deposition of immunoglobulin, complement and plasma proteins in the wall of vessels
Extracellular
What causes gout?
Deposition of sodium urate crystal
Extracellular
What causes cholesterol crystal?
By-products of hemorrhage & necrosis
Extracellular
What are the two types of calcification?
Metastatic
Dystrophic
Extracellular
What is dystrophic calcification?
Influx of calcium into dead / dying cell and accumulates in mitochondria
Extracellular
What are the causes of metastatic calcification?
Renal failure
Vitamin D toxicosis
Parathormone / PTH-related protein
Destruction of bone
Extracellular
Why does renal failure causes metastatic calcification?
Renal failure results in retention of phosphate, which induce a secondary hypercalcemia
Extracellular
What is PTH-related protein?
Canine adenocarcinoma of apocrine glands of anal sac produces PTH like protein which causes hypercalcemia
Extracellular
What is ectopic ossification?
Production of bone at abnormal site
Extracellular
What are the two types of ectopic bones?
Heterotopic metaplasia
Osseous metaplasia
Pigment Exogenous
What are the 3 types of exogenous pigments?
Dusts
Carotenoid pigment
Tetracycline
Pigment Exogenous
What are the two types of pneumoconiosis?
Silicosis ( Inhalation of silicon )
Anthracosis (Inhalation of carbon )
Pigment Exogenous
Is it normal to have carotenoid pigments in our body?
Yes
Pigment Exogenous
Where does tetracycline deposit themselves in? What color does it stain?
Teeth
Yellow / brown
Pigment Endogenous
What causes melanin hyperpigmentation?
Chronic skin injury
Pigment Endogenous
What is the end result of autophagocytosis?
Lipofuscin
Pigment Endogenous
What causes intestinal lipofuscinosis?
Inadequate intake of dietary vitamin E
Pigment Hematogenous
What are the color of blood with CO poisoning?
Cherry
Pigment Hematogenous
If colors of intestine is brownish, it is either?
Intestinal lipofuscinosis
-> inadequate of vit E
Methemoglobin
-> Fe2+ => Fe3+ in hemoglobin
-> Can’t bind to O2
Pigment Hematogenous
What causes acute hemolysis?
Chronic copper poisoning
Pigment Hematogenous
What causes dark red staining of kidney?
Hemoglobin released from intravascular lysed RBC
Pigment Hematogenous
What is hemosiderin?
Intracellular aggregation of ferritin
Pigment Hematogenous
What dyes hemosiderin?
Prussian blue
Pigment Hematogenous
What are heart failure cells?
Hemosiderin-laden macrophages
Pigment Hematogenous
What is icterus / jaundice?
Defect in heme metabolism
Pigment Hematogenous
What are the 3 mechanism causing icterus?
Prehepatic
Hepatic
Posthepatic
Pigment Hematogenous
What happens in prehepatic icterus?
Systemic hemolysis
-> Excess production of bilirubin
-> caused by systemic infectious disease
e.g. Babesia
Pigment Hematogenous
What happens in hepatic icterus?
Reduced uptake of bilirubin by hepatocytes
Impaired of absent conjugation of bilirubin by hepatocyte, inherited abnormality
Necrosis of hepatocytes
-> Leakage of bilirubin into circulation
Decreased excretion of conjugated bilirubin into bile canaliculus
Pigment Hematogenous
What happens in posthepatic icterus?
Reduced flow of bile from liver to intestine due to blockage / inflammation
Cellular aging
What is telomeres?
Repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a chromosomes TTAGGG
Last Okazaki fragment that can be safely lost without damaging essential genetic information
Cellular aging
What is telomerase?
Enzyme that has the ability to elongate telomeres
Present in cells that requires frequent divisions
-> e.g. Stem cells, germ cells
Absent or minimum amount in most somatic cells
Cellular aging
What are the 3 steps of DNA repair?
Removal of damaged DNA
Insertion of new base pair by DNA polymerase
DNA ligase repairs nick
( nick : minor disruption in one DNA strand )
Cellular aging
What is silent mutation?
Base pair substitution that doesn’t result in a change of amino acid
Cellular aging
What is missense mutation?
Base pair substitution that changes a single acid
Might / might not change the protein function
Cellular aging
What is nonsense mutation?
Stop codon is produced
-> terminates translation of polypeptide
Cellular aging
What is frameshift mutation?
Addition / deletion of base pair that is not a multiple of three
-> Completely alters downstream translation
Cellular aging
What are the 4 types chromosomal rearrangements?
Deletions
Duplications
Inversions
Translocation
Cellular aging
What happens in lysosomal storage disease?
Deficiency / malfunction of one lysosomal enzyme can cause the incomplete catabolism of substrate
-> Accumulations of insoluble substrates in lysosomes
