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MSK > Intoduction to MSK > Flashcards

Intoduction to MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Bs. classifications

A 
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
sutural/wormian
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2
Q

irregular Bs.

A

not long, short or flat (facial bones)

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3
Q

sesamoid Bs.

A

embedded in tendon (patella)

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4
Q

sutural/wormian Bs.

A

amid skull sutures in neurocranium

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5
Q

anatomy of long bones

A 
epiphysis
epiphyseal plate
metaphysis
diaphysis
epiphyseal line
compact bone
cancellous/spongy bone
medullary/marrow cavity
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6
Q

epiphysis of long bone

A

portion furthest from center

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7
Q

epiphyseal plate of long bone

A

cartilaginous region between epiphysis and metaphysis, secondary ossification center

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8
Q

diaphysis of long bone

A

central portion, primary ossification center

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9
Q

compact bone of long bone

A

outermost solid layer

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10
Q

cancellous/spongy bone of long bone

A

innermost sinusoidal layer

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11
Q

medullary/marrow cavity of long bone

A

replaces some of the cancellous bone layer in adults

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12
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

characterized by presence of hyaluronic acid (homogenous light pink stain)

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13
Q

elastic cartilage

A

characterized by presence of elastic fibers (heterogeneous light and dark pink stain)

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14
Q

fibrocartilage

A

characterized by an abundance of collagen fibers (homogeneous dark stain)

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15
Q

joint classifications

A

synovial (diarthrosis, freely movable)
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis, limited movement)
fibrous (synarthrosis, without movement)

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16
Q

characteristics of synovial joints

A 
articular capsule
outer fibrous capsule
inner synovial membrane
articular cartilage
joint cavity
synovial fluid
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17
Q

articular cartilage of synovial joints

A

hyaline cartilage covers the bearing surface of the bone

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18
Q

characteristics of fibrous joints

A

fibrous connective tissue

fibrous membrane

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19
Q

characteristics of cartilaginous joints

A

hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

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20
Q

synovial joint subtypes

A 
planar
ginglymus
trochoid
condyloid
sellar
spheroidal
compound synovial
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21
Q

planar synovial joint

A

“flat”, uniaxial

gliding or sliding

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22
Q

ginglymus synovial joint

A

“hinge”, uniaxial

flexion and extension

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23
Q

trochoid synovial joint

A

“pivot”, uniaxial

rotation

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24
Q

condyloid synovial joint

A

“ellipsoidal”, biaxial
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
circumduction

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25
Q

sellar synovial joint

A

“saddle”, biaxial
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction

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26
Q

spheroidal synovial joint

A

“ball and socket”, multiaxial

circumduction in multiple planes

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27
Q

compound synovial joint

A

any combination of the synovial joint subtypes

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28
Q

fibrous joint subtypes

A

sutures
schindylesis
gomphosis
syndesmosis

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29
Q

suture fibrous joint

A

interlocked bone separated by fibrous connective tissue

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30
Q

suture fibrous joint subtypes

A

serrated
squamous
planar

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31
Q

serrated suture fibrous joint

A

interlocking bone with a jagged edge

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32
Q

squamous suture fibrous joint

A

joined bone with two beveled surfaces

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33
Q

planar suture fibrous joint

A

two blunt ends joint by fibrous connective tissue

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34
Q

schindylesis fibrous joint

A

“tongue-in-groove” joined by fibrous connective tissue

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35
Q

gomphosis fibrous joint

A

“peg-in-socket” joined by fibrous connective tissue

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36
Q

syndesmosis fibrous joint

A

two bones separated by a fibrous membrane

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37
Q

cartilaginous joint subtypes

A

synchondrosis

symphysis

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38
Q

synchondrosis cartilaginous joint

A

“primary cartilaginous joints”

characterized by temporary cartilaginous unions of hyaline cartilage, usually between the diaphysis and epiphysis of growing bone

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39
Q

symphysis cartilaginous bone

A

“secondary cartilaginous joints”

characterized by strong slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage

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40
Q

compound joint

A

includes articulations from more than one of the three main categories of joints (synovial, fibrous or cartilaginous)

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41
Q

factors influencing joint stability

A

shape of articular surface
number and position of ligaments
muscle tendons

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42
Q

list the 4 skeletal muscle functionalities

A

agonist
antagonist
synergist
fixator

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43
Q

agonist

A

activates a specific movement of the body

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44
Q

antagonist

A

opposes a specific movement of the body

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45
Q

synergist

A

complements the action of agonist and prevents movement of intervening joint when agonist passes more than one joint

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46
Q

fixator

A

stabilizes the joints, or the proximal part of a joint while the distal portion is in motion

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47
Q

skeletal muscle architecture (in order of ascending complexity)

A

myofibrils
muscle fibers
fascicles
muscle

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48
Q

myofibrils

A

internal component of muscle fibers

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49
Q

muscle fibers

A

arrangement of myofibrils surrounded by endomysium

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50
Q

fascicles

A

arrangement of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium

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51
Q

muscle (in terms of skeletal muscle architecture)

A

arrangement of fascicles surrounded by epimysium

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52
Q

list the 3 forms of muscle

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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53
Q

skeletal muscle characteristics

A

long, unbranched fibers, cylindrical in shape, transverse striations arranged in parallel groups, multinucleated

54
Q

skeletal muscle function

A

strong, quick contraction, produces movement or resists gravity

55
Q

skeletal muscle innervation

A

voluntary or reflexive by the CNS and PNS

56
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics

A

short, branched fibers, cylindrical in shape, transverse striations arranged in parallel groups, uninucleated, cells separated by intercalated discs

57
Q

cardiac muscle function

A

strong, quick, rhythmic contraction, pump blood from the heart

58
Q

cardiac muscle innervation

A

involuntary, intrinsically stimulated and propagated, modified by the ANS

59
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A

small, spindle shaped fibers, no striations, uninucleated

60
Q

smooth muscle function

A

weak, slow, rhythmic contraction, propels substances (peristalsis), restricts flow (vasocontriction and sphincteric contraction)

61
Q

smooth muscle innervation

A

involuntary by the ANS

62
Q

list the fascicular arrangements found in skeletal muscle

A 
pennate
fusiform
digastric
multiventral
multicaudal
serrated
circular or sphincteral
quadrate
63
Q

pennate muscle subtypes

A

unipennate (tendon on one side, muscle on the other)
bipennate (muscle on either side of a tendon)
multipennate (multiple feathered muscle groups)

64
Q

fusiform muscle subtypes

A

bicipital (muscles with two heads)
tricipital (muscles with three heads)
quadricipital (muscles with four heads)

65
Q

digastric muscles

A

muscles with two bellies

66
Q

multiventral muscles

A

broken up by tendons

67
Q

multicaudal muscles

A

muscles with multiple tendons

68
Q

serrated muscles

A

muscles with a serrated edge

69
Q

circular or sphincteral muscles

A

surrounding an opening

70
Q

types of arteries

A

elastic
muscular
arterioles

71
Q

elastic arteries

A

largest (aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, common carotid, subclavian)
maintain blood pressure
expand when the heart contracts

72
Q

muscular arteries

A

blood distribution (femoral, axillary)
walls rich in circular smooth muscle fibers
regulate the flow of blood to specific regions

73
Q

arterioles

A

smallest arteries

narrow lumen, thick muscular walls

74
Q

blood flow in weak-walled veins is assisted by

A

muscular contraction

75
Q

types of veins

A

large
medium-sized
venules

76
Q

large veins

A

longitudinal smooth muscle

well-developed tunica adventitia

77
Q

medium-sized veins

A

in extremities and other locations

posses valves to allow flow of blood in one direction only

78
Q

venules

A

smallest veins

usually converge to form venous plexuses

79
Q

vessel wall anatomy (superficial to deep)

A 
tunica adventitia
tunica media
elastic lamina
tunica intima
lumen
80
Q

capillaries

A

thin walled, endothelial tubes
no smooth muscle present
organized into capillary beds

81
Q

arteriovenous anastomoses

A

shunts which bypass the capillary bed

numerous in the skin where they serve to conserve body temperature

82
Q

capillary beds

A

nutrients, oxygen, and other materials are exchanged across capillary walls

83
Q

systemic circulation

A

oxygenated blood from heart to rest of body

deoxygenated blood from body to heart

84
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

85
Q

cardiac circulation

A

coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to myocardium

coronary veins drain deoxygenated blood from myocardium

86
Q

portal circulation

A

blood drained from digestive organs for detoxification

87
Q

renal circulation

A

remove and filter waste from blood

88
Q

lymphatics

A

collect surplus tissue fluid as lymph and return it to venous circulation

89
Q

organization of lymphatics

A 
lymphatic plexus
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
lymphoid organs
lymphocytes
90
Q

lymphatic plexus

A

lymphatic capillaries in the intercellular space of most tissues

91
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

join the lymphatic plexuses to the lymph nodes

92
Q

lymph nodes

A

collect lymph for return to venous circulation

93
Q

lymphoid organs

A

spleen, tonsils and thymus

94
Q

lymphocytes

A

immunological functional unit

95
Q

neuron

A

excitable cell designed for rapid communication

96
Q

anatomy of a neuron

A

cell body (location of nucleus)
dendrites (received impulses and conveys them to cell body)
axon (convey impulses away from cell body)

97
Q

neuroglia

A

nonexcitable support cells

98
Q

neuroglia subtypes

A 
astrocytes
oligodentroglia
microglia
ependymal cells
neurolemma
99
Q

astrocytes

A

form the BBB in the CNS

100
Q

oligodentroglia

A

myelinate the axons in the CNS

101
Q

microglia

A

destroy foreign objects in the CNS

102
Q

ependymal cells

A

produce CSF and line CSF filled cavities in the CNS

103
Q

neurolemma

A

Schwann cells

myelinate the axons in the PNS

104
Q

structural divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS)

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

105
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

integrate and coordinate incoming and outgoing signals

106
Q

PNS

A 
anything outside the CNS
connect the CNS with peripheral structures
cranial nerves (12 pairs)
spinal nerves (31 pairs)
107
Q

breakdown of spinal nerves (31 pairs)

A 
cervical nerves (8 pairs)
thoracic nerves (12 pairs)
lumbar nerves (5 pairs)
sacral nerves (5 pairs)
coccygeal nerve (1 pair)
108
Q

functional divisions of the nervous system

A

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

109
Q

somatic nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body, except for visceral structures, smooth muscle and glands

110
Q

general somatic sensation

A

touch, pain, temperature, pressure

111
Q

special somatic sensation

A

smell, sight, taste, hearing, position

112
Q

somatic motor innervation

A

to skeletal muscle

113
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

visceral sensation and motor innervation via the CNS and PNS

separated into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

114
Q

sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A

thoracolumbar

“rest and digest”

115
Q

parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A

craniosacral

“fight or flight”

116
Q

components of the CNS

A

nucleus (collection of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS)

tract (bundles of nerve fibers connecting nuclei)

117
Q

tracts of the CNS subtypes

A 
gray matter (neural tissue containing nerve cell bodies)
white matter (interconnecting nerve fibers)
118
Q

anatomy of spinal cord

A

gray matter (dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral horn) surrounded by white matter

119
Q

dorsal horn of grey matter

A

thin, sensory, meets with dorsal rootlets

120
Q

ventral horn of grey matter

A

thick, motor cell bodies exist here, meets with ventral rootlets

121
Q

lateral horn of grey matter

A

thick, presynaptic sympathetic cell bodies exist here

122
Q

components of PNS

A 
axon
peripheral nerve fiber
fascicle
peripheral nerve
ganglia
123
Q

axon

A

central projection of a neuron

124
Q

peripheral nerve fiber

A

myelinated axon wrapped in endoneurium

125
Q

fascicle

A

bundled peripheral nerve fibers wrapped in perineurium

126
Q

peripheral nerve

A

bundled fascicles wrapped in epineurium

127
Q

ganglia

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS

128
Q

electrochemical process of nerve conduction 3 portions of axon model step 1

A

first portion depolarizes

second and third remain in resting state

129
Q

electrochemical process of nerve conduction 3 portions of axon model step 2

A

first portion repolarizes
second portion depolarizes
third portion remains in resting state

130
Q

electrochemical process of nerve conduction 3 portions of axon model step 3

A

first portion in refractory state
second portion repolarizes
third portion depolarizes

131
Q

list the three layers of meninges (superficial to deep)

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

MSK (8 decks)

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