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Gastrointestinal > intestinal physiology > Flashcards

intestinal physiology Flashcards

1
Q

intestinal absorption with sodium

A

na active transported from lumem by atpase
creates a conc gradient
K+ moves out the cell into blood
glucose can enter with sodium via a co transporter protein

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2
Q

factors affecting absorption

A

Number and structure of enterocytes
Blood and lymph flows

GI motility

Nutrient Intake

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3
Q

factors affecting secretion

A

irritants
bile
bacterial toxins

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4
Q

what is coeliac disease?

A

gluten attack

causes damage to lining of gut

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5
Q

define digestion

A

Breakdown of large, complex organic molecules that can be used by the body.

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6
Q

lactose monomers

A

glucose and galactose

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7
Q

where does the first stage of protein digestion take place

A

stomach

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8
Q

Function of enterokinase

A

to activate trypsin

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9
Q

what does the enyzme colipase target

A

trigylcerides

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10
Q

what substrate does parietal make

A

intrinsic factor and gastric acid

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11
Q

what substrate do chief cellsmake

A

pepsinogen

gastric lipase

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12
Q

gastric phase of gastric regulation secretion

A

local nervous secretory reflexes
vagal reflexes
gastrin- histamine stimulation

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13
Q

endo and exocrine function of pancreas

A

endo- secretes insulin and glucagon from islets of Langerhans

exo-secretion of pancreatic juice

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14
Q

where is glucose absorbed

A

intestines

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15
Q

what happens to glucose in the liver

A

insulin promotes uptake of glucose in liver
stored in liver as glycogen
some is converted to acetycoa for krebs cycle
excess glucose is converted to triglycerides

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16
Q

what happens to glucose in muscles

A

stored as glycogen in muscle promoted by insulin

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17
Q

what happens to glucose in RBS

A

CONVDERTED TO PYRUVATE

as they dont have mitochondria

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18
Q

what happens to triglycerides after absorption

A

bind to a protein to make lipoprotein as fats not water soluble such as chylomicrons

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19
Q

what happens to glycogen when short fasting

A

glycogen broken down to glucose by hormone glucagon

GLYOCOGENOLYSIS

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20
Q

where is cortisol produced

A

adrenal glands

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21
Q

where is adrenaline and noradrenaline produced

A

adrenal gland

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22
Q

where is throxine produced

A

thyroid gland

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23
Q

growth hormone are produced where

A

pituary gland

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24
Q

Why is cortisol important

A

lipolysis, protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis, glycogen storage

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25
Q

cushings syndrome

A

excess cortisol levels
central obesity
loss of muscle mass on arms and legs

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26
Q

growth hormone purpose

A

gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, lipolysis, protein synthesis, decreased glucose use

27
Q

acromegaly

A

too much growth hormone

28
Q

what does leptin do

A

supresses appetite

29
Q

what does ghrelin do

A

stimulates appetite

30
Q

How is starch broken down

A

Salivary amylase from parotid glands
By pancreatic amylase ,
Hydrolysis if 1,4 alpha linkages
Makes maltose which is then further broke down with Maltese

31
Q

Protein digestion and absorption

A

In stomach pepsin breaks down protein in smaller pieces
In SI peptides are further broken down by endopeptidases
Final digestion - exopeptodases on amino acids
Aa absorbed into bloodstream

32
Q

Optimum ph for Pepsins

A

1.6-3.2

33
Q

Why is pepsin action terminated in the small intestine

A

Ph of small intestine is too alkaline so denatures

34
Q

What activates pepsinogen

A

Low ph

35
Q

How is glucose absorbed into bloodstream

A

Glucose and galactose via secondary active transport

Fructose FAC DIFF

36
Q

How are proteins absorbed into blood stream

A

Secondary active transport with na

Or basolaterally into capillaries

37
Q

Fat digestion

A

Starts in mouth with lingual lipase and make smaller
CCK stimulate bile production to emulsify the fat
Triglycerides into monoglycerides via lipase
Packaged into micelles
Released into enterocytes

38
Q

How re chylomicrons formed

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids , and cholesterol combine with proteins inside epithelial lining

39
Q

How are lipids absorbed and transported into cells

A

In enterocytes they resterify
Packaged into chylomicrons
Released via exocytosis to lacteals
Thoracic duct then blood

40
Q

What is the most abundant substance in chyme

A

Water

41
Q

Water absorption

A

8000ml enters SI everyday

1500 ml enters the large i 98% reabsorbed

42
Q

Most abundant ion in chyme

A

Na

43
Q

Where is fe absorbed

A

Duodenum

44
Q

Where are vit c and b absorbed

A

Jejunum

45
Q

Vit a d e k absorbed where

A

Ilium

46
Q

How is bile transported

A

Enterohepatic circulation

47
Q

what can vitamins act as /

A

Gene activators
Free-radical scavengers
Coenzymes or cofactors in metabolic reactions

48
Q

types of vitamin?

A

water soluble and fat soluble

49
Q

where can we get retinoids from?

A

b- carotene, vegetables such as carrots

50
Q

functions of vitamin a

A

vision,
reproduction- spermatogenesis
growth
stabilisation of cellular membranes

51
Q

signs of vit a deficiency

A

night blindness, blindness and xeropthalmia

52
Q

signs of excess vit a

A

Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting

Reversible yellowing of the skin

Hair loss, dryness of the lips
Anorexia

53
Q

function of vit d

A

Increased intestinal absorption of calcium

Resorption and formation of bone

Reduced renal excretion of calcium

54
Q

VIT D deficiency

A

Demineralisation of bone:

Rickets in children

Osteomalacia in adults

55
Q

where is vit E stored

A

Non-adipose cells such as liver and plasma – labile and fixed pool
Adipose cells – fixed pool

56
Q

causes of vit e deficiency

A 
Fat malabsorption (e.g. cystic fibrosis)
Premature infants
Rare congenital defects in fat metabolism e.g. abetalipoproteinaemia.
57
Q

what is vit k transferred to

A

very low LDL and LDL

58
Q

VIT k FUNCTIONS

A

amin K is responsible for the activation of some blood clotting factors.
Necessary for liver synthesis of plasma clotting factors II, VII, IX and X.

59
Q

Where is vit c found

A

fresh fruit and veg

60
Q

HOW IS b12 absorbed

A 
Ingested orally 
Intrinsic factor made by parietal cells 
B12 binds to intrinsic factor 
If binds to specific sites on epithelial in terminal ileum 
B12 absorbed via endocytosis
61
Q

where is IF-B12 complex absorbed

A

in the terminal ileum

62
Q

where is b12 stored

A

in the liver

63
Q

functions of folate

A

Functions as a coenzyme in methylation reactions, DNA synthesis, synthesis of methionine from homocysteine.

64
Q

how is the extrinsic pathway of clotting activated?

A

FACTOR 7

Gastrointestinal (8 decks)

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