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intestinal physiology Flashcards

1
Q

intestinal absorption with sodium

A

na active transported from lumem by atpase
creates a conc gradient
K+ moves out the cell into blood
glucose can enter with sodium via a co transporter protein

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2
Q

factors affecting absorption

A

Number and structure of enterocytes
Blood and lymph flows

GI motility

Nutrient Intake

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3
Q

factors affecting secretion

A

irritants
bile
bacterial toxins

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4
Q

what is coeliac disease?

A

gluten attack

causes damage to lining of gut

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5
Q

define digestion

A

Breakdown of large, complex organic molecules that can be used by the body.

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6
Q

lactose monomers

A

glucose and galactose

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7
Q

where does the first stage of protein digestion take place

A

stomach

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8
Q

Function of enterokinase

A

to activate trypsin

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9
Q

what does the enyzme colipase target

A

trigylcerides

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10
Q

what substrate does parietal make

A

intrinsic factor and gastric acid

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11
Q

what substrate do chief cellsmake

A

pepsinogen

gastric lipase

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12
Q

gastric phase of gastric regulation secretion

A

local nervous secretory reflexes
vagal reflexes
gastrin- histamine stimulation

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13
Q

endo and exocrine function of pancreas

A

endo- secretes insulin and glucagon from islets of Langerhans

exo-secretion of pancreatic juice

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14
Q

where is glucose absorbed

A

intestines

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15
Q

what happens to glucose in the liver

A

insulin promotes uptake of glucose in liver
stored in liver as glycogen
some is converted to acetycoa for krebs cycle
excess glucose is converted to triglycerides

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16
Q

what happens to glucose in muscles

A

stored as glycogen in muscle promoted by insulin

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17
Q

what happens to glucose in RBS

A

CONVDERTED TO PYRUVATE

as they dont have mitochondria

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18
Q

what happens to triglycerides after absorption

A

bind to a protein to make lipoprotein as fats not water soluble such as chylomicrons

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19
Q

what happens to glycogen when short fasting

A

glycogen broken down to glucose by hormone glucagon

GLYOCOGENOLYSIS

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20
Q

where is cortisol produced

A

adrenal glands

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21
Q

where is adrenaline and noradrenaline produced

A

adrenal gland

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22
Q

where is throxine produced

A

thyroid gland

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23
Q

growth hormone are produced where

A

pituary gland

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24
Q

Why is cortisol important

A

lipolysis, protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis, glycogen storage

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25
cushings syndrome
excess cortisol levels central obesity loss of muscle mass on arms and legs
26
growth hormone purpose
gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, lipolysis, protein synthesis, decreased glucose use
27
acromegaly
too much growth hormone
28
what does leptin do
supresses appetite
29
what does ghrelin do
stimulates appetite
30
How is starch broken down
Salivary amylase from parotid glands By pancreatic amylase , Hydrolysis if 1,4 alpha linkages Makes maltose which is then further broke down with Maltese
31
Protein digestion and absorption
In stomach pepsin breaks down protein in smaller pieces In SI peptides are further broken down by endopeptidases Final digestion - exopeptodases on amino acids Aa absorbed into bloodstream
32
Optimum ph for Pepsins
1.6-3.2
33
Why is pepsin action terminated in the small intestine
Ph of small intestine is too alkaline so denatures
34
What activates pepsinogen
Low ph
35
How is glucose absorbed into bloodstream
Glucose and galactose via secondary active transport | Fructose FAC DIFF
36
How are proteins absorbed into blood stream
Secondary active transport with na | Or basolaterally into capillaries
37
Fat digestion
Starts in mouth with lingual lipase and make smaller CCK stimulate bile production to emulsify the fat Triglycerides into monoglycerides via lipase Packaged into micelles Released into enterocytes
38
How re chylomicrons formed
Triglycerides, phospholipids , and cholesterol combine with proteins inside epithelial lining
39
How are lipids absorbed and transported into cells
In enterocytes they resterify Packaged into chylomicrons Released via exocytosis to lacteals Thoracic duct then blood
40
What is the most abundant substance in chyme
Water
41
Water absorption
8000ml enters SI everyday | 1500 ml enters the large i 98% reabsorbed
42
Most abundant ion in chyme
Na
43
Where is fe absorbed
Duodenum
44
Where are vit c and b absorbed
Jejunum
45
Vit a d e k absorbed where
Ilium
46
How is bile transported
Enterohepatic circulation
47
what can vitamins act as /
Gene activators Free-radical scavengers Coenzymes or cofactors in metabolic reactions
48
types of vitamin?
water soluble and fat soluble
49
where can we get retinoids from?
b- carotene, vegetables such as carrots
50
functions of vitamin a
vision, reproduction- spermatogenesis growth stabilisation of cellular membranes
51
signs of vit a deficiency
night blindness, blindness and xeropthalmia
52
signs of excess vit a
Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting Reversible yellowing of the skin Hair loss, dryness of the lips Anorexia
53
function of vit d
Increased intestinal absorption of calcium Resorption and formation of bone Reduced renal excretion of calcium
54
VIT D deficiency
Demineralisation of bone: Rickets in children Osteomalacia in adults
55
where is vit E stored
Non-adipose cells such as liver and plasma – labile and fixed pool Adipose cells – fixed pool
56
causes of vit e deficiency
``` Fat malabsorption (e.g. cystic fibrosis) Premature infants Rare congenital defects in fat metabolism e.g. abetalipoproteinaemia. ```
57
what is vit k transferred to
very low LDL and LDL
58
VIT k FUNCTIONS
amin K is responsible for the activation of some blood clotting factors. Necessary for liver synthesis of plasma clotting factors II, VII, IX and X.
59
Where is vit c found
fresh fruit and veg
60
HOW IS b12 absorbed
``` Ingested orally Intrinsic factor made by parietal cells B12 binds to intrinsic factor If binds to specific sites on epithelial in terminal ileum B12 absorbed via endocytosis ```
61
where is IF-B12 complex absorbed
in the terminal ileum
62
where is b12 stored
in the liver
63
functions of folate
Functions as a coenzyme in methylation reactions, DNA synthesis, synthesis of methionine from homocysteine.
64
how is the extrinsic pathway of clotting activated?
FACTOR 7

Gastrointestinal (8 decks)

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