Interventions 1

Question 1

Pain Definition:

Answer 1

An appraisal made by your protection system based on the neural representation of threat/danger

Question 2

Mature Organism Model (MOM):

Answer 2

• We experience pain because it helped us to survive and passing on genes, we evolved into pain avoiding creatures

Question 3

MOM Dimensions of Pain:

Answer 3

• Sensory
• Cognitive
• Affective

Question 4

Neuromatrix (Pain Matrix):

Answer 4

• “The amazing interconnected brain”, more than one area of the brain is involved in pain

Question 5

Neuromatrix - Key Concepts:

Answer 5

• Input not mandatory
• Role of the neural networks
• The self
• Genetic componenent

Question 6

Neurosignature/Neurotag:

Answer 6

• Pain determined by the synaptic arrangement of multiple centers in the brain (thalamocortical loops)
• Bracing or guarding based on the perception of pain
• “Nerves that fire together are wired together”

Question 7

Nociceptive Pain:

Answer 7

• “Normal pain”
• Short duration, well localized, easing and aggrieving factors, no electric qualities

Question 8

Neuropathic Pain:

Answer 8

• “Electric pain/nerve pain”
• At one location and travels along a dermatome or peripheral nerve pattern (sciatica and diabetic neuropathy)
• Takes longer to get to this point and longer to heal

Question 9

Central Sensitization:

Answer 9

• “Chronic pain/unexplainable pain”
• Pain has spread from original areas in areas in non-dermatomal pattern
• Pain intensity is out of proportion from original injury

Question 10

Biomedical Approach:

Answer 10

• Medical/Pharm treatments
• Anatomic education
• Emphasis on pain, not function
• Facilitating avoidance

Question 11

Biopsychosocial Approach:

Answer 11

• Emphasis on PNE, therapeutic alliance
• Focuses on catastrophizing, rumination, fear-avoidance, kinesiophobia, and deconditioning

Question 12

Allodynia:

Answer 12

• Pain evoked by normally benign stimulus such as cold, heat, or light touch

Question 13

Hyperalgesia:

Answer 13

• Increases in perception of pain elicited by noxious stimulus

Question 14

Secondary Hyperalgesia:

Answer 14

• Spread of pain beyond initial site of injury

Question 15

Locus of Control:

Answer 15

• A persons generalized attitude or belief regarding causality between own behavior and consequences

Question 16

Locus of Control - Internal:

Answer 16

• Much of what happens stems from own actions

Question 17

Locus of Control - External:

Answer 17

• Events in life are beyond one’s control

Question 17

Hierarchy of Listening:

Answer 17

• Ignore the message
• Pretend to listen
• Selective listening
• Attentive listening
• Empathetic listening

Question 17

Positive Body Langauge:

Answer 17

• Sitting on edge of seat, standing, hands on hips, tilted head, moving closer, rubbing palms together, uncrossed arms, body leaning forward, hand on cheek, touching chin, relaxed mouth, chin forward

Question 18

Negative Body Language:

Answer 18

• Rocking motion of torso, downcast eyes/lack of eye contact, arms crossed, leg or foot swinging, foot or finger tapping, short breaths/sighing, wringing hands, slumping in chair/fidgeting in chair, lowering of chin, hunched shoulders, fist clinched, legs crossed, body turned slightly away, grooming, yawning, signs of being nervous

Question 19

Four Pillars of PNE:

Answer 19

• Educate about pain
• Aerobic exercise
• Sleep hygiene
• Goal setting

Question 20

Avoiders:

Answer 20

• Fearful about movement, are sedentary, need to be taught to engage with activity slowly but surely

Question 21

Persisters:

Answer 21

• They do too much, they need pace progression and break up

Question 22

Five Rules to Move Despite Pain:

Answer 22

• Focus on long term benefits not short term pain
• Improve beliefs first (education)
• Only grade avoided activities
• Improve stress tolerance
• Improve sleep self-management

Question 23

Caffeine:

Answer 23

• Amount in a cup of coffee varies from 47-134 mg
• Half-life of 3-5 hours, doubled half-life for non-consumers
• Improved pain relief adding caffeine to analgesics for acute pain

Question 24

Myofascial Release:

Answer 24

• Gentle combo of pressure and stretch, applied to larger areas

Question 25

Pin and Stretch/Bend and Stretch/ART:

Answer 25

• Evaluate the texture, tightness, and movement of muscles, fascia, tendons, ligaments, and nerves

Question 26

Cross Friction:

Answer 26

• USed for tendon junctions, increases collagen synthesis, breaks up adhesions and scar tissue

Question 27

Ischemic Compression/Trigger Point Release:

Answer 27

• TrP is local area of hypertonicity and differs from tender points because of motor end unit

Question 28

Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Massage:

Answer 28

• Similar to cross-fiction and ART, saves your hands, increase diagnostic skills with soft tissue impairments, used to break up irregular abnormal densities in tissues (scar tissue)

Question 29

Mechanotransduction:

Answer 29

• Physiological process where cells sense and respond to mechanical loads, converting mechanical loading into cellular responses

Question 30

Three Steps of Mechanotransduction:

Answer 30

• Mechano-coupling
• Cell-cell communication
• Effector response

Question 31

Physical Stress Theory:

Answer 31

• Focuses on how all biological tissues react and adapt to varied levels of physical stress, or lack thereof, are imparted upon them