Intervention

Question 1

What ended paralysis of the UNSC?

Answer 1

Gorbachev’s rise to power at the time of the end of the Iran-Iraq war

Question 2

When and What did Bush snr call for?

Answer 2

• A New World Order
• 1991
• Global security would be underwritten by the UN

Question 3

Who makes up the international society?

Answer 3

• Sovereign states, not people.

Question 4

What does the int’l soc agree on?

Answer 4

• Int’l law
• Diplomacy
• And more contentiously the BoP and the special responsibilities of the great power for int’l order

Question 5

Who was the main user of the UNSC veto in the CW?

Answer 5

USSR prior to 1966 and then the West

Question 6

The UN Charter’s mention of self-determination was largely used to refer to?

Answer 6

only with European decolonisation

Question 7

What did the use of the UNSC veto do to the UN’s reputation?

Answer 7

marginalised the UN in what has been intended as its central role - the provision of a credible system of peace and security.

Question 8

UN involvement in former Yugo arose from the failure of int’l soc to address what issuers?

Answer 8

Legitimate secession

Protection of minority rights

Question 9

Every UN operation rests on what two supports:

Answer 9

• The objects pursued by the member states

- The final analysis authorised by the secretariat.

Question 10

What 3 issues does Mayall identify that complicate the task of devising a workable mandate?

Answer 10

1. Sovereignty
2. Strategic Objective
3. Resources

Question 11

What did Mayall find the the 3 UN interventions that he believed to be justified had in common?

Answer 11

no attempt to challenge the prevailing norms of int’l society

Question 12

What did Briquemont (head of UNPROFOR) complain of in 1994?

Answer 12

“the fantastic gap between the resolutions of the UNSC , the will to execute these resolutions and the means available to commanders in the field”

Question 13

What did the USA tell its troops to do in Somalia

Answer 13

“employ maximum controlled violence” when they encountered opposition rather than the minimum necessary force

Question 14

What events prove that in UN ops the USA is constrained by democratic politics domestically?

Answer 14

• The withdrawal from Somalia after 18 servicemen were killed
• The reluctance to employ ground troops in Bosnia until a cease-fire was agreed
• The lengths the USA went to in Kosovo to ensure a casualty-free campaign

Question 15

How does Jus ad Bellum relate to intervention?

Answer 15

• encompassing both laws and ethics

Question 16

What 3 examples of humanitarian intervention are there in the 19th C?

Answer 16

1. Sierra Leone - British presence to provide a haven for free slaves
2. Greece - Franco-British-Russian mil involvement to liberate greeks from Ottoman rule on humanitarian grounds.
3. 1853 Russian general protectorate over Christians in the Ottoman Empire

Question 17

What does the UN charter limit the use of force internationally by states to:

Answer 17

1. Individual or collective self defence
2. Participation in UN-authorised or controlled military operations
   No mention of humanitarian intervention

Question 18

What does article 39 of the UN Charter say with regard to UNSC taking action?

Answer 18

Empowers to UNSC take action in cases deemed to constitute a ‘threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression’.

Question 19

Who condemned many of the interventions of the the CW?

Answer 19

The UN General Assembly as the veto meant that it was unlikely to come from the UNSC

Question 20

Where in the CW did the UNSC agree on sanctions?

Answer 20

• South Africa and Rhodesia (though did not agree on mil intervention).

Question 21

What are examples of cases in which the UNSC wills the end but does not will the means?

Answer 21

• In the humanitarian field Iraq in 91 and Kosovo in 99.

- UNSC declared the target states had to change their policies but was not able to agree on mil intervention.

Question 22

What proves that there is no desire to create a right to intervention?

Answer 22

The results of debates on the subject at the UN

Question 23

What does ICISS stand for?

Answer 23

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (est’d 2001)

Question 24

What did ICISS want to change the debate from?

Answer 24

not on ‘the right to intervene’ but on ‘the responsibility to protect’. This was seen above all as a ‘responsibility to react’ in some manner, not necessarily by intervention

Question 25

How does Simma describe the legality of NATO’s action in Kosovo?

Answer 25

“only a thin red line separates NATO’S action on Kosovo from international legality”

Question 26

What 4 reasons does Roberts see for the increase in intervention?

Answer 26

1. Global Media
2. International Terrorism
3. Refugees - stopping flow at source
4. Law - int’l order created in the UN era.