Interpersonal issues Flashcards
‘common sense psychology’
- Heider
- ‘naive psychology’
- people try to understand other people’s behaviour
- we make a distinction between intentional vs unintentional behaviours in others and internal vs external attribution of the cause of the observed behaviour
Kelly’s co-variation model
- if A is an event that occurs when the behaviour B is observed then we often assume A causes B
- in order to ensure validity of this observation there must be consensus, distinctiveness and consistency
Dispositional attribution
- if consensus is low (if not everyone does the same thing) then a dispositional attribution is made
e. g everyone else isn’t late, therefore that person has a problem
Situational attribution
- if consistency is low then a situational attribution is made
e. g that person is never usually late, something must have happened to them
Systematic attributional theory
- Weiner
- 3 dimensions in process of attributions
1. Locus- external or internal
2. stability-transient or permanent
3. controllability- controllable/uncontrollable
Barnum effect
- aka Forer effect
- refers to the widespread predisposition to believe that general and vague personality descriptions or predictions have specific relevance to individuals e.g horoscopes
Hawthorne effect
-refers to the short term improvement caused by observing worker performance
Pygmalion effect
- aka Rosenthal effect
- self-fullfilling prophecy wherein students with poor expectation from their teachers internalise their negative label and perform poorly
- those with higher expectations perform well
Theory of mind
- develops around 3.5-4 years
- understanding that other persons have mental processes similar to self
- lack of theory of mind may explain lack of empathy in autism, also demonstrated in conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder
First-order false beliefs task
- relate to the understanding that other people can have their own thoughts about a given situation
- First order tests involve inferring another person’s mental state ‘what Jim thinks’
Sally-Anne test
- Wimmer and Perner
- Sally puts choclate on the counter before departing the scene
- Anne comes in and puts the chocolate in a box
- Sally then comes back into the room
- children aged 4 and above know that she will look on the counter first- ‘false belief’
- 3 years olds cant do this
Deceptive container task
- a child is shown a closed sweet tin and asked what is in it. They reply ‘sweets’. The tin is open and there is a pencil inside
- when asked what they originally thought was in the tin, three year olds reply ‘pencil’- incorrect- lack of false belief
- 4 year olds correctly reply ‘sweets’
Flavell
- children over 4 years old can distinguish appearance from reality and can discuss objects that have a misleading appearance
- ‘it looks like an apple but it is really a ball’
Second order false belief tasks
- inferring one person’s thoughts about another person’s mental state
- usually passed by the age of 6
- children with ASD might never be able to do this
Key anatomical areas for theory of mind
-amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, inferior parietal and medial frontal cortex
Factors influencing relationships
- proximity
- exposure
- similarity
- complementarity
- compatibility
Types of love
- companionate love: true or conjugal love where intimacy and commitment is seen; passion is not high
- passionate love: intimate and passionate but with not much commitment
- consummate love: intimacy, passion and commitment
- Fatuous love: passion and commitment but no intimacy seem
SVR theory
-relationships proceed from Stimulus (external attributes) to Values to Role stage
3 functions of language
- ideational function: enable people thinking with language to interpret experience
- interpersonal function: enable people acting with language to communicate experience and thoughts
- textual function: enable people to organise a message with language
Phonology
the study of sound structure
Morphology
the study of sound structure
Syntax
the study of sentence structure
Phonetics
the study of the physical act of speaking
Semantics
the study of connection of language to meanings
Pragmatics
the study of connection of language to social situations
Semiotics
the study of signs and symbols in relation to their form and content
Sociolinguistics
the study of the connection of language to social situations
Whorfian hypothesis (Sapir-Whorf linguistic relativity hypothesis)
the semantics of a language can affect the way in which its speakers perceive and conceptualize the world
- people of different languages think differnetly
- linguistic determinism is an extreme of this
- Chomsky argues against this
Ingratiation
- eliciting likeableness
- persuasion mechanism
Reciprocity
- doing a favour first, making one indebted
- persuasion mechanism
Arousal of guilt
-persuasion mechanism
Scarcity
- persuasion mechanism
- offer valid only till stocks last!
Social validation
- ‘everyone is going to argos, how about you!’
- persuasion mechanism
Multiple requests
- foot in the door technique-one yes to a small request results in increased chance later on
- door in the face technique- when a larger request is turned down intially, this increases the likelihood of agreeing to a smaller subsequent request
Low ball tactic
-hiding the costs and disadvantages initially but revealing after an agreement is reached
