Interpersonal issues Flashcards
1
Q
‘common sense psychology’
A
- Heider
- ‘naive psychology’
- people try to understand other people’s behaviour
- we make a distinction between intentional vs unintentional behaviours in others and internal vs external attribution of the cause of the observed behaviour
2
Q
Kelly’s co-variation model
A
- if A is an event that occurs when the behaviour B is observed then we often assume A causes B
- in order to ensure validity of this observation there must be consensus, distinctiveness and consistency
3
Q
Dispositional attribution
A
- if consensus is low (if not everyone does the same thing) then a dispositional attribution is made
e. g everyone else isn’t late, therefore that person has a problem
4
Q
Situational attribution
A
- if consistency is low then a situational attribution is made
e. g that person is never usually late, something must have happened to them
5
Q
Systematic attributional theory
A
- Weiner
- 3 dimensions in process of attributions
1. Locus- external or internal
2. stability-transient or permanent
3. controllability- controllable/uncontrollable
6
Q
Barnum effect
A
- aka Forer effect
- refers to the widespread predisposition to believe that general and vague personality descriptions or predictions have specific relevance to individuals e.g horoscopes
7
Q
Hawthorne effect
A
-refers to the short term improvement caused by observing worker performance
8
Q
Pygmalion effect
A
- aka Rosenthal effect
- self-fullfilling prophecy wherein students with poor expectation from their teachers internalise their negative label and perform poorly
- those with higher expectations perform well
9
Q
Theory of mind
A
- develops around 3.5-4 years
- understanding that other persons have mental processes similar to self
- lack of theory of mind may explain lack of empathy in autism, also demonstrated in conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder
10
Q
First-order false beliefs task
A
- relate to the understanding that other people can have their own thoughts about a given situation
- First order tests involve inferring another person’s mental state ‘what Jim thinks’
11
Q
Sally-Anne test
A
- Wimmer and Perner
- Sally puts choclate on the counter before departing the scene
- Anne comes in and puts the chocolate in a box
- Sally then comes back into the room
- children aged 4 and above know that she will look on the counter first- ‘false belief’
- 3 years olds cant do this
12
Q
Deceptive container task
A
- a child is shown a closed sweet tin and asked what is in it. They reply ‘sweets’. The tin is open and there is a pencil inside
- when asked what they originally thought was in the tin, three year olds reply ‘pencil’- incorrect- lack of false belief
- 4 year olds correctly reply ‘sweets’
13
Q
Flavell
A
- children over 4 years old can distinguish appearance from reality and can discuss objects that have a misleading appearance
- ‘it looks like an apple but it is really a ball’
14
Q
Second order false belief tasks
A
- inferring one person’s thoughts about another person’s mental state
- usually passed by the age of 6
- children with ASD might never be able to do this
15
Q
Key anatomical areas for theory of mind
A
-amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, inferior parietal and medial frontal cortex
