Altruism

Question 1

Bystander apathy

Answer 1

• when alone, individuals will typically intervene if another person needs help= bystander intervention
• intervention becomes less likely in a bigger group
• aka Genovese effect

Question 2

Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 2

-refers to members of a crowd looking at each other for signs of distress but remaining calm themselves, leading to misappraisal of the situation being safe leading to lack of intervention

Question 3

Arousal/Cost-reward model

Answer 3

• emotional arousal on seeing a victim increases motivation to act
• but a cognitive appraisal of costs and rewards occurs before an intervention is carried out
• if the cost of helping is high then the bystander undertakes a cognitive reinterpretation-calling the situation as non-urgent, blaming the victim or diffusing or dissolving responsibility

Question 4

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 4

• similar to social loafing

- ‘I have some responsibility, but so do others; let someone else help’

Question 5

Dissolution of responsibility

Answer 5

Not knowing what others are doing, rationalizes that someone would have helped the victim

Question 6

Who helps?

Answer 6

• men show higher agentic help (lone help) more likely to help and intervene
• women show higher communal help and empathy

Question 7

Social loafing

Answer 7

• aka Ringelmann’s effect

- the larger the group is, the less the individual performance-as one thinks that others will do the job