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Environment > International Treaties and Conventions > Flashcards

International Treaties and Conventions Flashcards

1
Q

United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972)

A
  1. Stockholm Conference (1972) – emergence of international environmental law.
  2. Stockholm Declaration & Action Plan adopted.
  3. Led to creation of UNEP.
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2
Q

Stockholm Declaration

A

(The Declaration on the Human Environment). set out the principles-
1. Natural resources safeguard, Avoid non-renewable resource exhaustion
2. Poverty alleviation
3. Destruction of WMD

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3
Q

Importance of United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972) on India

A

create environmental ministries and agencies
Dept. of Environment – 1980
Ministry of Environment and Forests – 1985
MoEFCC – Renamed in 2014 (includes Climate Change)

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4
Q

UN Environment Programme (UNEP)

A

UNEP or UN Environment is an agency of the UN. It coordinates the UN’s environmental activities.

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5
Q

Agencies Established/Implemented by UNEP

A
  1. WMO & UNEP established IPCC – 1988.
  2. UNEP: Implementing agency for GEF, Montreal Protocol.
  3. UNEP: Member of UNSDG, supports SDGs.
  4. Hosts secretariats for CBD, MCM, CMS, CITES.
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6
Q

Faith for Earth Initiative (FEI)

A

Launched by UNEP in 2017, engages faith-based organizations for SDGs.

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7
Q

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

A

on the eve of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit as an independently operating financial organisation. Give grants.

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8
Q

GEF Financial Mechanism for which Conventions-

A
  1. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
  2. United Nations Framework Convention on CC (UNFCCC)
  3. UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
  4. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
  5. Minamata Convention on Mercury
    Also Informally supports montreal protocol implementation
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9
Q

Multilateral Fund (MLF) for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol

A

established by the London Amendment 1990.
To help developing countries (Article 5 countries (including India)) comply with their obligations under the Montreal Protocol to phase out the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS)

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10
Q

The GEF works with 18 agencies. Notable ones are-

A

1) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
2) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
3) World Bank (WB)
4) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
5) Asian Development Bank (ADB)
6) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
7) World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
8) Conservation International (CI)
9) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

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11
Q

GEF Financial Mechanism for which agencies

A
  1. Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) – 2001-specific needs of developing countries under
    the UNFCCC (Non-Annex 1 countries under Kyoto Protocol).
  2. Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) – 2001-short, medium and long-term resilience needs
  3. Global Wildlife Programme (GWP)- launched in 2015 to combat trafficking in Wildlife. It is a World Bank-led & GEF-funded partnership.
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12
Q

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)

A

popularly known as Earth Summit/ Rio Summit 1992. Need to integrate environment and development.
Important legally binding agreements opened for signatures-
a) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
b) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)
c) United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

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13
Q

High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF)

A

forum under the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) for overseeing the outcomes of the 1992 Earth Summit. Meets every 4 years review of progress of implementation of-
1. Agenda 21
2. Johannesburg Declaration (Rio+10)
3. Rio+20
4. Barbados Programme of Action (Sustainable Development of SIDS)
5. LDC-IV (4th UN Conference on the Least Developed Countries)
6. As well as the relevant outcomes of other United Nations summits and conferences.

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14
Q

Brundtland Commission

A

1983, the United Nations created the World Commission on Environment and Development. defined sustainable development as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

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15
Q

UNCED or Earth Summit 1992, Rio De Janeiro Brazil outcomes wrt sustainable development

A

Rio Declaration: Principles to guide countries.
Agenda 21: Non-binding
Forest Principles: Non binding

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16
Q

Rio+5 (1997)

A

UNGA held a special session Rio+5 to appraise the status of Agenda 21.

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17
Q

Millennium Development Goals

A

established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000. The SDGs replaced the MDGs in 2016.

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18
Q

World Summit on Sustainable Development

A

Rio+10 (2002) – Held in Johannesburg, South Africa.
Affirmed commitment to Agenda 21 and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the Johannesburg Declaration.

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19
Q

United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

A

Rio+20 (2012) – Held in Rio, Brazil.
Issues discussed:
1. Toxic components (lead, radioactive chemicals)
2. Alternative energy sources
3. Public transportation reliance
4. Health & pollution
SDGs born at Rio+20, included in Agenda 2030 since 2015.

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20
Q

Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE)

A

PAGE – Launched 2013, response to Rio+20 Declaration (“The Future We Want”).
Aims to achieve SDGs, especially SDG 8: Sustainable growth, productive employment

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21
Q

Sustainable Development Goals

A

SDGs are a collection of 17 global goals and their 169 targets, set by the (UNGA) in 2015 for the year 2030.

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22
Q

17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):

A
  1. No Poverty
  2. Zero Hunger
  3. Good Health and Well-being
  4. Quality Education
  5. Gender Equality
  6. Clean Water and Sanitation
  7. Affordable and Clean Energy
  8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
  9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
  10. Reduced Inequality
  11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
  12. Responsible Consumption and Production
  13. Climate Action
  14. Life Below Water
  15. Life on Land
  16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
  17. Partnerships for the Goals
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23
Q

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

A
  1. UNFCCC – International environmental treaty, negotiated 1992, signed at Rio Earth Summit (UNCED).
  2. 198 parties.
  3. Framework for GHG protocols, no binding limits set by UNFCCC itself.
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23
Q

Conferences of the Parties (COP) to UNFCCC

A

decision-making body that meets annually.

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24
Q

Important COPs

A

COP 1 (1995, Berlin) – Berlin Mandate, calls for binding GHG reduction targets for developed countries.
COP 3 (1997, Kyoto) – Kyoto Protocol, legally binding GHG reduction obligations for developed countries.
COP 8 (2002, New Delhi).
COP 11 (2005, Montreal) – Kyoto Protocol ratified.
COP 21 (2015, Paris) – Paris Agreement concluded.
COP 26 (2021, Glasgow) – UK, in partnership with Italy.
COP 27 (2022, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt).
COP 28 (2023, Expo City, Dubai).

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25
Q

Kyoto Protocol (COP 3; UNFCCC 1997)

A

Adopted 1997, Kyoto, Japan; enforced 2005
Reduce GHG emissions by 5% (vs. 1990 levels) by 2012 , prevent dangerous climate change
Only global treaty with binding GHG targets
192 countries, India: Ratified 2002; USA: Never ratified; Canada: Withdrew 2012
Principle: Common but differentiated responsibilities

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26
Q

The Kyoto Protocol Emission Target GHGs

A
  1. Carbon dioxide (CO2),
  2. Methane (CH4),
  3. Nitrous oxide (N2O),
  4. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6),
  5. Groups of hydrofluorocarbons (HCFs) and
  6. Groups of Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
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27
Q

Common but Differentiated Responsibilities

A

Common: All countries must participate in climate action.
Differentiated: Developed countries should do more based on their historical contribution to GHGs.
Developed nations: Binding emission limits, financial contributions to developing countries for mitigation/adaptation.
Developing & LDCs: Voluntary initiatives, no binding emission targets.
Developed countries: US, UK, France, Japan, Russia (pollution since Industrial Revolution)
Developing countries: China, India, Brazil (polluting since 1950s)

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28
Q

Climate reparations

A

refer to the monetary compensation that developed countries give to developing countries to compensate for the historical contributions that the developed countries have made towards climate change, an extension of “Polluter Pays” principle.

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29
Q

Historical Responsibility wrt Climate Change

A

Top emitters (historically):
US, UK, EU: >50% of global emissions
Adding Russia, Canada, Japan, Australia: >65% of emissions
Current Emissions:
India: 3rd largest emitter today, but only 3% of historical emissions
China: Largest emitter today, with 11% of historical emissions

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30
Q

The Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) for Loss and Damages

A

set up in 2013, is the first formal acknowledgement of the need to compensate developing countries struck by climate disasters.

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31
Q

Classification of Parties under the Kyoto Protocol

A

Annex I- Developed countries (US, UK, Russia etc.) + Economies in transition (EIT)
[Ukraine, Turkey, some eastern European countries]

Annex II- Developed countries (Annex II is a subset of Annex I)- provide financial and technical support to the EITs and developing countries

Annex B- Parties with first or second-round Kyoto GHG emissions targets (Annex B is a subset of Annex I) Compulsory binding targets to reduce GHG emissions.
* The first-round Kyoto targets applied over the years 2008-2012
* The second-round Kyoto targets applied from 2013-2020

Non Annex I- (mostly low-income developing countries). No binding targets to reduce emissions. Developing countries may volunteer to become Annex I.

LDCs- Least-developed. No binding targets.

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32
Q

Kyoto Protocol Commitment Periods:

A

First period: 2008-2012, binding targets for >35 developed countries.
Second period: 2013-2020, under Doha Amendment (2012).

33
Q

Doha Amendment to Kyoto Protocol

A

Second period of commitment 2013-2020, under Doha Amendment (2012)
Countries missing targets in 2012 faced an additional penalty of a 30% emissions cut in future commitments.
Withdrawals & Non-participation:1. Canada: Withdrew in 2012.
2. Japan, New Zealand, Russia: Participated in the first period but did not take new targets in the second.
Doha Amendment- Required 144 states to accept for entry into force. As of Oct 2020, 147 states accepted it. It entered into force on Dec 31, 2020, and ended the same day (an ineffective period).

34
Q

Post-Kyoto Negotiations

A

(Lima, 2014):
China, India, US: Signaled refusal to legally commit to CO2 reduction in future treaties.
These three countries were seen as major obstacles to a binding agreement.

35
Q

Flexible Market Mechanisms Under Kyoto Protocol

A

Countries with Kyoto Protocol targets can meet them through domestic actions and market-based mechanisms.
three “market-based mechanisms”:
1. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
2. Emission Trading
3. Joint Implementation (JI)

36
Q

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

A
  • CDM allows a country with an emission-reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries.
  • Such projects can earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets.
37
Q

Carbon/Emission Trading

A

Carbon trading is the name given to the exchange of emission permits (carbon credits). countries that emit more carbon than the quota allotted to them buy carbon credits from those that emit less.
Types of Carbon Trading
1. Emission trading/cap n trade- Countries sell unused units to others exceeding targets
2. Offset trading/ baseline n credit- Earn carbon credits by investing in projects that reduce GHG emissions

38
Q

Joint Implementation (JI) – Kyoto Protocol

A

a country with an emission reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to earn emission reduction units (ERUs) from an emission- reduction project in another Annex B Party,

39
Q

Carbon credit

A

A carbon credit (a carbon offset) is a tradable certificate or permit. One carbon credit is equal to one tonne of carbon dioxide. Carbon credits or offsets can be acquired through afforestation, renewable energy, CO2 sequestration, methane capture, buying from an exchange (carbon credits trading), etc.

40
Q

most important carbon markets

A

the EU Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) and the UN’s carbon offsetting scheme, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

41
Q

Carbon tax

A

imposes a tax on each unit of GHG emissions and gives countries an incentive to reduce pollution whenever doing so would cost less than paying the tax. (Proposed) Differential Global Carbon Tax (DGCT) would put higher obligations on countries with per capita emissions higher than average.

42
Q

Finance Energy Transition (FET):

A

Proposed system to ensure just ghg reduction.
Countries > 4.97 metric tonnes CO2/capita (68 nations) are payers.
Countries < 4.97 metric tonnes CO2/capita (135 nations) are beneficiaries.

43
Q

India’s Carbon Tax

A

2010-11 Budget: Introduced Clean Energy Cess of ₹50 per tonne on coal (domestic & imported).
Increase: Raised to ₹100 per tonne.
Abolished with the implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST).
New Cess: GST Compensation Cess of ₹400 per tonne.
Purpose: Revenues raised for the National Clean Energy Fund.

44
Q

CMP

A

Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
COP11 / CMP 1 was held in Montreal, Canada, in 2005 (Kyoto Protocol was ratified in 2005).

44
Q

National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF):

A

Established: 2010-11 to utilize revenues from Clean Energy Cess (later GST Compensation Cess).
Purpose: Funds research and innovative projects in clean energy tech by public or private entities.
Funding: Up to 40% of total project cost, through loans or viability gap funding (VGF).
Key Projects: Includes initiatives like Green Energy Corridor (boosting transmission) and Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM).
Fund Type: Non-lapsable under Public Accounts, managed by the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance.

45
Q

Bali (Indonesia) CCC 2007 (COP 13; CMP 3)

A

Bali Road Map — reviewing the financial mechanism, going beyond the existing Global Environmental Facility.

46
Q

Poznan (Poland) CCC 2008 (COP 14; CMP 4)

A

It launched the Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol.

47
Q

Copenhagen (Denmark) CCC 2009 (COP 15; CMP 5)

A

The Copenhagen Accord included the goal of limiting the maximum global average temperature increase to no more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels, subject to review in 2015.

48
Q

Durban (Denmark) CCC 2011 (COP 17; CMP 7)

A

Second phase of the Kyoto Protocol was secured.
Approved the Governing Instrument for the Green Climate Fund (GCF).

49
Q

Cancún (Mexico) CCC 2010 (COP 16; CMP 6)

A

Parties agreed to commit to a maximum temperature rise of 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to consider lowering that maximum to 1.5°C in the near future. Also agreed to establish a Green Climate Fund (GCF), carbon capture and storage (CCS) under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

50
Q

Green Climate Fund

A

COP 16 Cancun Decision Made to Establish GCF.
COP 17 Durban Parties approved the Governing Instrument for the GCF Legal Approval
COP 18 Songdo, Incheon, South Korea will host GCF. to redistribute money from the developed to the developing world.

51
Q

Doha (Qatar) CCC 2012 (COP 18; CMP 8)

A

Reached an agreement to extend the life of the Kyoto Protocol, which had been due to expire at the end of 2012 until 2020 (second commitment period 2013-20). But Canada, Japan, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and New Zealand (they all refused to join the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol) and the United States (never ratified Kyoto).

52
Q

Warsaw (Poland) CCC 2013 (COP 19; CMP 9)

A

Term Coined: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)
Warsaw Mechanism: Provides expertise and aid to developing countries to cope with natural extremities as heatwaves, droughts etc.

53
Q

Lima (Peru) CCC 2014 (COP 20; CMP 10)

A

GHG Reduction Goal: Limit global temperature increase to 2°C above pre-industrial levels by 2030.
National Pledges: Parties urged to finalize Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) before Paris Summit.

54
Q

India carbon reduction commitments

A

Developed countries putting pressure for developing to make reduction commitments which China has done (2014 under which its emissions would peak by 2030) but India has not.

55
Q

Marrakech (Morocco) CCC 2016 (COP22; CMP12; CMA1)

A

Called “Action COP” or “Agriculture COP”. Adaptation of African Agriculture (AAA) was launched. It is promoted by FAO along with various governments, especially African countries.

56
Q

Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)

A

COP 19 (Warsaw, 2013): Countries agreed to outline actions for climate action before the Paris Summit 2015. ‘nationally-determined’ and voluntary, thus a lot of divergence.

57
Q

India’s INDC objectives

A
  1. Reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030, below 2005 levels.
  2. Achieve 40% of its total electricity capacity from renewables.
  3. Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 through afforestation by 2030.
58
Q

Money required to meet India’s INDC

A
  1. Tax free infra bonds
  2. National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change (NAFCC) Assist States and Union Territories that are particularly vulnerable. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) - Implementing Entity.
59
Q

Paris CCC 2015 (COP 21; CMP 11)

A
  1. Objective: Legally binding, universal climate agreement (2015) entered into force in November 2016, to be implemented by 2020.
  2. INDCs submitted, legally binding but no country specific deadlines
  3. Paris Agreement: Negotiated at COP21, signed by 195 countries (ratified by 180+ as of 2023). India signed and ratified in 2016. US Withdrawal: Announced withdrawal in 2017, remained a signatory until November 2020.
  4. Global Warming Goal: Limit to “well below 2°C” and pursue efforts to limit to 1.5°C (compared to pre-industrial levels).
  5. Net-zero GHG: Target for zero net anthropogenic emissions by second half of the 21st century.
  6. Finance Commitment: Developed countries to mobilize $100 billion/year by 2020-2025.
60
Q

Climate Neutral Now

A

Launched: 2015 by UNFCCC Secretariat.
Goal: Achieve a climate-neutral world by mid-century (aligned with Paris Agreement).
Also involves private organisations beyond govts.

61
Q

China-U.S. Deal on Emission Cuts

A

China & US Agreement: Prior to 2015 summit, both countries agreed on GHG emission limits.
US Commitment: Reduce GHG emissions by 26-28% below 2005 levels by 2025.
China Commitment: Peak CO2 emissions by 2030 and start reducing afterward. China to increase non-fossil fuel energy to 20% by 2030.

62
Q

Carbon neutrality

A

China, the US and India have not concretely announced anything wrt carbon
Developed Countries with Net Zero Legislation: Sweden, Norway, UK, France, New Zealand.
Only Sweden targets net zero before 2050.
Countries Achieving Carbon Neutrality: Suriname and Bhutan are the only countries to have achieved Net Zero Carbon Footprint (GHGs emitted < GHGs removed).

63
Q

European Green New Deal

A

EU: 3rd largest GHG emitter (after China & US).
Paris Agreement Commitment: 40% GHG reduction by 2030 (vs 1990 levels).
European Green New Deal: Aims to raise reduction target to 50% by 2030, and work towards 55%; climate neutrality by 2050.

64
Q

US wrt Paris Summit

A

US: Agreed to a 26-28% reduction by 2030 (from 2005 levels), but withdrew from the Paris Agreement, no longer obligated to meet this target.

65
Q

India’s Objection to Net Zero

A
  1. Paris Agreement does not include a net zero goal; focuses on best climate action (through INDCs). : India is on track to over-achieve its 3 targets under the Agreement.
  2. Developed Countries: Have not delivered on past commitments and are not on track to meet Paris targets. : As a developing country, India needs to prioritize economic growth. Carbon Removal Technologies are unreliable or expensive
66
Q

UNEP Emissions Gap Report (EGR):

A
  1. Released Annually
  2. Managed by UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre.
  3. Purpose: Measures the gap between climate action needed and current progress to meet Paris Agreement goals.
67
Q

EGR 2020 Findings:

A

Global temperature is heading for a rise of over 3°C this century.
Fossil CO2 emissions dominated total GHG emissions.
Top 4 Emitters: China, the US, EU27+UK, and India contributed 55% of GHG emissions

68
Q

EGR 2022 (13th edition) Findings:

A

Projected Temperature Rise:
Policies in place suggest 2.8°C rise by 2100.
Current pledges reduce it to a 2.4-2.6°C rise

69
Q

COP 26

A

In Glasgow, UK. It is the 3rd meeting of the parties to the 2015 Paris Agreement (CMA3) and the 16th meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP16).
Main Task: Finalise rules and procedures for implementing the Paris Agreement.
Paris Agreement Key Requirement:
Every 5 Years: Parties must set increasingly ambitious climate action plans.
By 2020: Countries were required to submit or update their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for reducing emissions.

70
Q

Glasgow Climate Pact (COP26):

A
  1. Paris Agreement Goals: Reaffirms well below 2°C and 1.5°C temperature limits.
  2. Net Zero by 2050: Urges countries to strengthen 2030 NDCs by 2022.
  3. Coal: Calls for phase down (not phase out) of coal.
  4. Fossil Fuel Subsidies: Urges abolition of inefficient subsidies.
  5. $100 Billion Commitment: Developed countries to fulfil $100 billion/year climate finance promise till 2025.
  6. Glasgow Dialogue: To discuss funding for loss and damage from climate impacts.
  7. Santiago Network: Operationalized to address climate loss and damage.
71
Q

Carbon Markets under COP 26

A

The Kyoto Protocol Market expired in 2020, the Paris Agreement Market is inactive, and unused carbon credits from developing countries (e.g., India, China) can be used for first NDC targets until 2025, but not for future NDCs, as per the Glasgow Pact

72
Q

Glasgow Climate Pact (COP26) Highlights

A
  1. Paris Rulebook Finalized: Key decisions for Paris Agreement implementation; Global Stocktake to assess progress in 2023.
  2. Stakeholder Inclusion: Recognized the role of civil society, youth, and indigenous peoples in climate action.
  3. Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE): New 10-year programme focusing on education, training, and youth involvement.
  4. Gender Action Plan: Focus on increasing women’s participation in climate action.
  5. Marrakech Partnership: Strengthened collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society.
  6. Carbon Markets (Article 6):
    Article 6.2: Regulates carbon credit use for NDCs.
    Article 6.4: Establishes Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM), replacing the CDM.
  7. Global Methane Pledge:
    100+ countries pledged to cut methane by 30% by 2030.
    India not a signatory.
  8. Enhanced Climate Actions:
    30+ countries committed to 100% zero-emission vehicles by 2040.
  9. Glasgow Breakthrough Agenda:
    42 countries (including India) pledged to accelerate clean tech in power, transport, steel, hydrogen.
  10. Glasgow Finance Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ):
    160+ firms committed to net-zero emissions by 2050, following science-based targets.
73
Q

India at cop 26

A

Panchamrit (COP26):
1. 50% Renewable Energy by 2030.
2. 1 Billion Tonnes Emission Reduction by 2030.
3. 45% Reduction in Emissions Intensity (from GDP) by 2030.
4. 500 GW Renewable Energy capacity by 2030.
5. Net Zero by 2070.
Additional Actions:
1. One LIFE, One World slogan.
2. $1 trillion climate finance call to developed nations.
(40% non-fossil energy capacity already achieved)

74
Q

Leader’s Declaration on Forests and Land Use

A

Goal: Halt deforestation and land degradation by 2030.
Signatories: Over 105 countries, including the UK, US, Russia, China.
India’s Position: Did not sign due to concerns over the inclusion of trade issues, which India argued should fall under WTO and not climate declarations.

75
Q

LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment)

A

Launched by PM Modi at COP26, an India-led initiative to fight climate change.
Goal: Promote a sustainable lifestyle and achieve sustainable development goals.
Focus: Shift from ‘use and dispose’ to a circular economy (reduce, reuse, recycle).
Principle: “Lifestyle for the planet, by the planet”.
P3 Model: Pro Planet People.

76
Q

COP27

A

2022 in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. It is the 4th meeting of the parties to the 2015 Paris Agreement (CMA4) and 17th meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP17).

77
Q

Global Shield Against Climate Risks

A

Launched at COP27 by the V20 Group and G7.
Provides pre-arranged financial support during climate disasters.
First recipients: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Costa Rica, Fiji, Senegal, Philippines, Ghana.

78
Q

Vulnerable Twenty (V20) Group:

A

Established: In 2015 in Lima, Peru.
Members: 58 climate-vulnerable countries.
Purpose: A cooperative initiative for economies vulnerable to climate change, focusing on financial solutions and advocacy.

79
Q

Group of Seven (G7):

A

Members: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, US.
Structure: No treaty or secretariat; presidency rotates annually.
Focus: Discuss global economy, security, and energy.
Global Influence: 50% of global wealth, 10% of population.

80
Q

Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) and Climate Change

A

Environment (5 decks)

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