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Biology Exam > Internal Systems > Flashcards

Internal Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

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2
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

breakdown of food into smaller molecules; involves enzymes

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3
Q

what is absorption

A

movement of nutrients into the blood

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4
Q

function of mouth?

A

Mastication

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5
Q

what is mastication

A

grind food and mix with saliva to form bolus

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6
Q

function of stomach

A

churning

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7
Q

what is churning

A

break down and mix chyme with gastric secretions

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8
Q

function of small intestine

A

complete breakdown of neutralized stomach acid; absorb nutrients into blood

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9
Q

what occurs in the large intestine

A

semi liquid turns to solid

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10
Q

what is peristalsis

A

rhythmic, wavelike contraction of smooth muscle that moves food along the GI tract

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11
Q

what is a bolus

A

ball of chewed food bound together by saliva

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12
Q

what is chyme

A

thick, semi-fluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions

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13
Q

what are feces

A

solid bodily waste discharged from the large intestine through the anus

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14
Q

what do the salivary glands secrete

A

salivary amylase

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15
Q

what to the gastric glands secrete

A

HCl, pepsinogen, mucus, rennin

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16
Q

what does the liver secrete

A

bile

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17
Q

what does the gall bladder do

A

store concentrated bile

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18
Q

what does the pancreas secrete

A

bicarbonate, trypsinogen, lipase, erepsin

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19
Q

what do the intestinal glands secrete

A

disaccharidases

20
Q

digestion of starch?

A

starch, (amylase), maltose, (maltase), glucose

21
Q

digestion of sucrose?

A

sucrose, (sucrase), glucose + fructose

22
Q

digestion of lactose?

A

lactose, (lactase), glucose + galactose

23
Q

where is pancreatic amylase secreted into

A

small intestine

24
Q

where are maltase, sucrase and lactase produced and secreted into?

A

intestinal glands to small intestine

25
Q

digestion of protein?

A

protein, (pepsin), shorter polypeptides (trypsin)(erepsin), amino acids

26
Q

digestion of pepsinogen

A

pepsinogen, (HCl), pepsin

27
Q

digestion of fat

A

fat (bile) fat droplets (lipase) glycerol and fatty acids

28
Q

why is the small intestine ideal for absorption

A

long (7m), lines with villi, lined with microvilli

29
Q

what is the pleura

A

double membrane surrounds the lungs to allow movement

30
Q

how does the nasal cavity warm air

A

epithelial tissue covered with cilia and secretes mucus; blood vessels line the epithelial tissues

31
Q

explain how oxygen would get to a muscle cell from the external environment

A
  1. air enters through nasal cavity
  2. air passes through pharynx
  3. air passes through larynx to trachea
  4. air passes through bronchi and bronchial tree
  5. air moves to alveolar sacs
  6. has exchange occurs between alveoli and capillaries
  7. oxygenated blood carries oxygen through the capillaries
  8. blood moves through veins to the heart
  9. blood moves from heart, through arteries, arterioles, and capillaries surrounding the muscle
  10. hemoglobin releases oxygen, diffuses into cells
32
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

33
Q

what are leukocytes

A

white blood cells

34
Q

function of red blood cells

A

contain hemoglobin, carry oxygen

35
Q

function of white blood cells

A

release enzymes that digest microbes and eukaryotes itself

36
Q

what are platelets responsible for

A

initiating blood clotting

37
Q

how is oxygen carried in the blood

A

dissolving in plasma of combining with hemoglobin

38
Q

what does pulmonary circulation occur between

A

heart and lungs

39
Q

what does systemic circulation occur between

A

heart and body

40
Q

flow of blood?

A

right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, semi-lunar valve, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, semi-lunar valve, aorta, arteries, capillaries, veins, superior/inferior vena cava, repeat

41
Q

where do the superior/inferior vena cava pump blood from

A

the body

42
Q

where does the aorta pump blood

A

to the body

43
Q

where do the pulmonary arteries pump blood

A

to the lungs

44
Q

where do the pulmonary veins pump blood

A

from the lungs

45
Q

what is the pericardium

A

membrane surrounding the heart

46
Q

structures of arteries, veins and capillaries

A

arteries: thick, elastic muscular walls, high pressure
veins: thin walls, few elastic fibres, valves, low pressure
capillaries: thin walls to allow diffusion
b/c of pressure difference

Biology Exam (5 decks)

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