Internal Systems

Question 1

what is mechanical digestion

Answer 1

physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

Question 2

what is chemical digestion

Answer 2

breakdown of food into smaller molecules; involves enzymes

Question 3

what is absorption

Answer 3

movement of nutrients into the blood

Question 4

function of mouth?

Answer 4

Mastication

Question 5

what is mastication

Answer 5

grind food and mix with saliva to form bolus

Question 6

function of stomach

Answer 6

churning

Question 7

what is churning

Answer 7

break down and mix chyme with gastric secretions

Question 8

function of small intestine

Answer 8

complete breakdown of neutralized stomach acid; absorb nutrients into blood

Question 9

what occurs in the large intestine

Answer 9

semi liquid turns to solid

Question 10

what is peristalsis

Answer 10

rhythmic, wavelike contraction of smooth muscle that moves food along the GI tract

Question 11

what is a bolus

Answer 11

ball of chewed food bound together by saliva

Question 12

what is chyme

Answer 12

thick, semi-fluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions

Question 13

what are feces

Answer 13

solid bodily waste discharged from the large intestine through the anus

Question 14

what do the salivary glands secrete

Answer 14

salivary amylase

Question 15

what to the gastric glands secrete

Answer 15

HCl, pepsinogen, mucus, rennin

Question 16

what does the liver secrete

Answer 16

bile

Question 17

what does the gall bladder do

Answer 17

store concentrated bile

Question 18

what does the pancreas secrete

Answer 18

bicarbonate, trypsinogen, lipase, erepsin

Question 19

what do the intestinal glands secrete

Answer 19

disaccharidases

Question 20

digestion of starch?

Answer 20

starch, (amylase), maltose, (maltase), glucose

Question 21

digestion of sucrose?

Answer 21

sucrose, (sucrase), glucose + fructose

Question 22

digestion of lactose?

Answer 22

lactose, (lactase), glucose + galactose

Question 23

where is pancreatic amylase secreted into

Answer 23

small intestine

Question 24

where are maltase, sucrase and lactase produced and secreted into?

Answer 24

intestinal glands to small intestine

Question 25

digestion of protein?

Answer 25

protein, (pepsin), shorter polypeptides (trypsin)(erepsin), amino acids

Question 26

digestion of pepsinogen

Answer 26

pepsinogen, (HCl), pepsin

Question 27

digestion of fat

Answer 27

fat (bile) fat droplets (lipase) glycerol and fatty acids

Question 28

why is the small intestine ideal for absorption

Answer 28

long (7m), lines with villi, lined with microvilli

Question 29

what is the pleura

Answer 29

double membrane surrounds the lungs to allow movement

Question 30

how does the nasal cavity warm air

Answer 30

epithelial tissue covered with cilia and secretes mucus; blood vessels line the epithelial tissues

Question 31

explain how oxygen would get to a muscle cell from the external environment

Answer 31

1. air enters through nasal cavity 2. air passes through pharynx 3. air passes through larynx to trachea 4. air passes through bronchi and bronchial tree 5. air moves to alveolar sacs 6. has exchange occurs between alveoli and capillaries 7. oxygenated blood carries oxygen through the capillaries 8. blood moves through veins to the heart 9. blood moves from heart, through arteries, arterioles, and capillaries surrounding the muscle 10. hemoglobin releases oxygen, diffuses into cells

Question 32

what are erythrocytes?

Answer 32

red blood cells

Question 33

what are leukocytes

Answer 33

white blood cells

Question 34

function of red blood cells

Answer 34

contain hemoglobin, carry oxygen

Question 35

function of white blood cells

Answer 35

release enzymes that digest microbes and eukaryotes itself

Question 36

what are platelets responsible for

Answer 36

initiating blood clotting

Question 37

how is oxygen carried in the blood

Answer 37

dissolving in plasma of combining with hemoglobin

Question 38

what does pulmonary circulation occur between

Answer 38

heart and lungs

Question 39

what does systemic circulation occur between

Answer 39

heart and body

Question 40

flow of blood?

Answer 40

right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, semi-lunar valve, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, semi-lunar valve, aorta, arteries, capillaries, veins, superior/inferior vena cava, repeat

Question 41

where do the superior/inferior vena cava pump blood from

Answer 41

the body

Question 42

where does the aorta pump blood

Answer 42

to the body

Question 43

where do the pulmonary arteries pump blood

Answer 43

to the lungs

Question 44

where do the pulmonary veins pump blood

Answer 44

from the lungs

Question 45

what is the pericardium

Answer 45

membrane surrounding the heart

Question 46

structures of arteries, veins and capillaries

Answer 46

arteries: thick, elastic muscular walls, high pressure veins: thin walls, few elastic fibres, valves, low pressure capillaries: thin walls to allow diffusion b/c of pressure difference