Genetics

Question 1

what does a nucleotide consist of?

Answer 1

• One 5 carbon sugar
• One phosphate group
• One nitrogen-containing base

Question 2

What alternates to form the backbone(sides) of the chain of DNA?

Answer 2

Deoxyribose and Phosphate

Question 3

What does the base of DNA bond to?

Answer 3

The sugar

Question 4

What does adenine bond to?

Answer 4

thymine

Question 5

what does cytosine bond with?

Answer 5

guanine

Question 6

what is Mitosis?

Answer 6

the division of the nucleus in somatic cells

Question 7

what is meiosis?

Answer 7

the division of the nucleus in gametes

Question 8

what is cytokinesis?

Answer 8

the division of the cytoplasm

Question 9

what is interphase

Answer 9

phase when the cell performs life functions, DNA is replicated

Question 10

what is a somatic cell?

Answer 10

body cell

Question 11

what is a haploid?

Answer 11

half the number of chromosomes

Question 12

where are haploids found?

Answer 12

gametes

Question 13

what is a diploid?

Answer 13

the full amount of chromosomes

Question 14

where are diploids found?

Answer 14

somatic cells

Question 15

what occurs during prophase?

Answer 15

• chromatin shortens and thickens to form individual chromosomes
• centrioles migrate to opposite poles
• spindle fibres emerge
• nuclear envelope dissolves

Question 16

what occurs during metaphase?

Answer 16

• chromosomes line up at equator

- spindle fibres attach to centromere of chromosomes

Question 17

what occurs during anaphase?

Answer 17

-sister chromatid split apart and move towards opposite poles

Question 18

what occurs during telophase?

Answer 18

• chromosomes lengthen and become chromatin
• nuclear envelope forms
• spindle fibres dissolve

Question 19

what occurs during interphase that is necessary for mitosis to occur?

Answer 19

DNA replicates

Question 20

Difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?

Answer 20

Animal: cleavage furrow
Plant: Cell plate

Question 21

where does mitosis occur?

Answer 21

somatic cells and asexual reproduction

Question 22

where does meiosis occur?

Answer 22

gametes and sexual reproduction

Question 23

how many phases and divisions in mitosis?

Answer 23

4 phases, 1 division

Question 24

how many phases and divisions in meiosis?

Answer 24

8 phases, 2 divisions

Question 25

what lines up at the equator during mitosis?

Answer 25

individual chromosomes

Question 26

what lines up at the equator during meiosis?

Answer 26

homologous chromosomes line up to form a tetrad

Question 27

what is the result of mitosis?

Answer 27

2 (genetically identical) diploid daughter cells

Question 28

what is the result of meiosis?

Answer 28

4 haploid daughter cells (genetic variation)

Question 29

what is synapsis?

Answer 29

paired chromosomes line up at the equator

Question 30

what is disjunction?

Answer 30

separation of paired chromosomes

Question 31

what is a tetrad?

Answer 31

group of 4 chromatid

Question 32

what is crossing over?

Answer 32

chromatids within a tetrad may exchange segments

Question 33

how many chromosomes exist in the human genome?

Answer 33

23

Question 34

who was gregor mendel?

Answer 34

studied the inherited characteristics of pea plants and established certain basic genetic principles

Question 35

what is the law of segregation?

Answer 35

states that factors that occur in pairs are separated from each other during gamete formation and recombine at fertilization. Pairs of factors are homologous genes; each member of pair is an allele

Question 36

what is incomplete dominance?

Answer 36

a hybrid expresses a trait different from both pure traits

Question 37

what is co-dominance?

Answer 37

two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time

Question 38

what is a tests cross?

Answer 38

used to determine if a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous

Question 39

what is biotechnology?

Answer 39

manipulating living organisms or their components to provide products or to serve useful purposes

Question 40

what is genetic engineering?

Answer 40

any techniques used to alter the DNA of an organism directly

Question 41

describe the 3 steps of genetic engineering

Answer 41

1. cut out section of desired DNA from organism 2. combine DNA with that of another vector 3. insert desired DNA into third organism

Question 42

examples of genetic engineering?

Answer 42

production of insulin, desired characteristics of plants and animals

Question 43

how do you set up a dihybrid cross?

Answer 43

FOIL

Question 44

what are multiple alleles?

Answer 44

more than 2 alleles exist in a species (blood type)

Question 45

what are the sex chromosomes of females?

Answer 45

xx

Question 46

sex chromosomes of males?

Answer 46

xy

Question 47

what is sex linked inheritance?

Answer 47

a gene located on a sex chromosome