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Biology Exam > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of?

A
  • One 5 carbon sugar
  • One phosphate group
  • One nitrogen-containing base
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2
Q

What alternates to form the backbone(sides) of the chain of DNA?

A

Deoxyribose and Phosphate

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3
Q

What does the base of DNA bond to?

A

The sugar

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4
Q

What does adenine bond to?

A

thymine

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5
Q

what does cytosine bond with?

A

guanine

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6
Q

what is Mitosis?

A

the division of the nucleus in somatic cells

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7
Q

what is meiosis?

A

the division of the nucleus in gametes

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8
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

the division of the cytoplasm

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9
Q

what is interphase

A

phase when the cell performs life functions, DNA is replicated

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10
Q

what is a somatic cell?

A

body cell

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11
Q

what is a haploid?

A

half the number of chromosomes

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12
Q

where are haploids found?

A

gametes

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13
Q

what is a diploid?

A

the full amount of chromosomes

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14
Q

where are diploids found?

A

somatic cells

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15
Q

what occurs during prophase?

A
  • chromatin shortens and thickens to form individual chromosomes
  • centrioles migrate to opposite poles
  • spindle fibres emerge
  • nuclear envelope dissolves
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16
Q

what occurs during metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes line up at equator

- spindle fibres attach to centromere of chromosomes

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17
Q

what occurs during anaphase?

A

-sister chromatid split apart and move towards opposite poles

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18
Q

what occurs during telophase?

A
  • chromosomes lengthen and become chromatin
  • nuclear envelope forms
  • spindle fibres dissolve
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19
Q

what occurs during interphase that is necessary for mitosis to occur?

A

DNA replicates

20
Q

Difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?

A

Animal: cleavage furrow
Plant: Cell plate

21
Q

where does mitosis occur?

A

somatic cells and asexual reproduction

22
Q

where does meiosis occur?

A

gametes and sexual reproduction

23
Q

how many phases and divisions in mitosis?

A

4 phases, 1 division

24
Q

how many phases and divisions in meiosis?

A

8 phases, 2 divisions

25
Q

what lines up at the equator during mitosis?

A

individual chromosomes

26
Q

what lines up at the equator during meiosis?

A

homologous chromosomes line up to form a tetrad

27
Q

what is the result of mitosis?

A

2 (genetically identical) diploid daughter cells

28
Q

what is the result of meiosis?

A

4 haploid daughter cells (genetic variation)

29
Q

what is synapsis?

A

paired chromosomes line up at the equator

30
Q

what is disjunction?

A

separation of paired chromosomes

31
Q

what is a tetrad?

A

group of 4 chromatid

32
Q

what is crossing over?

A

chromatids within a tetrad may exchange segments

33
Q

how many chromosomes exist in the human genome?

A

23

34
Q

who was gregor mendel?

A

studied the inherited characteristics of pea plants and established certain basic genetic principles

35
Q

what is the law of segregation?

A

states that factors that occur in pairs are separated from each other during gamete formation and recombine at fertilization. Pairs of factors are homologous genes; each member of pair is an allele

36
Q

what is incomplete dominance?

A

a hybrid expresses a trait different from both pure traits

37
Q

what is co-dominance?

A

two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time

38
Q

what is a tests cross?

A

used to determine if a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous

39
Q

what is biotechnology?

A

manipulating living organisms or their components to provide products or to serve useful purposes

40
Q

what is genetic engineering?

A

any techniques used to alter the DNA of an organism directly

41
Q

describe the 3 steps of genetic engineering

A
  1. cut out section of desired DNA from organism
  2. combine DNA with that of another vector
  3. insert desired DNA into third organism
42
Q

examples of genetic engineering?

A

production of insulin, desired characteristics of plants and animals

43
Q

how do you set up a dihybrid cross?

A

FOIL

44
Q

what are multiple alleles?

A

more than 2 alleles exist in a species (blood type)

45
Q

what are the sex chromosomes of females?

A

xx

46
Q

sex chromosomes of males?

A

xy

47
Q

what is sex linked inheritance?

A

a gene located on a sex chromosome

Biology Exam (5 decks)

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