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PTRS 852 - Neuro PT 1 Final > Internal Motor Systems: Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Internal Motor Systems: Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

List the 4 functions of the Basal Ganglia

A
  • Preparation/Planning of Movement
  • Initiation of Movement (inhibit/facilitate)
  • Regulate Stereotypic Movement (sequencing/overlearned skills)
  • Learning of New Motor Tasks
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2
Q

List the 5 Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia

A
  1. Caudate
  2. Putament
  3. Globus pallidus (internus and externus)
  4. Substania nigra
  5. Subthalamic nucleus
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3
Q

Describe what makes up the Lentifrom nucleus

A

The putamen and the globus pallidus

While they are geographically close they have different functions

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4
Q

Describe what makes up the Striatum

A

The caudate and the putamen

While they are geographically different they are functionally the same (main input to basal ganglia)

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5
Q

Structures: Input into basal ganglia

A

Caudate and Putamen

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6
Q

Structure: Output from the basal ganglia

A

Globus Pallidus

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7
Q

Structure: Gray matter, clusters of cell bodies deep within the cortex

A

Basal Ganglia

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8
Q

Loop: Internal motor circuit, basic loop through basal ganglia with major motor component

A

Striato-pallido-thalamic loop

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9
Q

Structure: Modulates that amount and type of output sent to the globus pallidus and eventually to the cortex

A

Substantia nigra

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10
Q

Structure: It’s connection to the globus pallidus allows for the modualtion of output from the basal ganglia

A

Subthalamic Nucleus

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11
Q

Term: explosive movements seen if damage occurs to the subthalamic nucleus

A

Ballism

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12
Q

Loop:

  • Facilitates movement
  • Goes through internal segment of globus pallidus
A

Direct Motor Pathway

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13
Q

Loop:

  • Inhibits movement
  • goes to external segment of globus pallidus
A

Indirect Motor Pathway

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14
Q

Loop:

  • VL of thalamus released from inhibition
  • Increased excitation of PMA/M1
  • Activity of PMA/M1 BOOSTED
  • POSITIVE FEEDBACK loop
A

Direct Motor Pathway

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15
Q

Describe the Direct Motor Pathway

A
  • VL of thalamus released from inhibition
  • Increased excitation of PMA/M1
  • Activity of PMA/M1 BOOSTED
  • POSITIVE FEEDBACK loop

Facilitates movement, via internal segment of globus pallidus

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16
Q

Loop:

  • Increased inhibition of VL of thalamus via loop b/t external globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus
  • Decreased excitation of PMA/M1
  • Decreased activity of PMA/M1
  • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
A

Indirect Motor Pathway

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17
Q

Describe the Indirect Motor Pathway

A
  • Increased inhibition of VL of thalamus via loop b/t external globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus
  • Decreased excitation of PMA/M1
  • Decreased activity of PMA/M1
  • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Inhibits movement, via external segment of globus pallidus

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18
Q

Describe the areas the basal ganglia projects to

A
  • Prefrontal cortex (cognitive component)
  • Frontal eye fields
  • Sensorimotor areas: M1, SMA, PMC, S1
  • Limbic areas
  • Parietal lobe
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19
Q

List the 3 loops that play a major role in cognition and mood

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal

Lateral orbitofrontal

Anterior cingulate

20
Q

Loop: “Executive functions,” organizing behavior responses, problem solving

A

Dosrolateral prefrontal circuit

21
Q

Loop: Cause of cognitive deficits in those with PD

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Circuit

22
Q

Loop: Mediating empathetic and socially appropriate responses

A

Lateral Orbitofrontal Circuit

23
Q

Loop: Responsible for flat affect in those with PD

A

Lateral orbitofrontal circuit

24
Q

Loop: Cause of OCD, schizophrenia

A

Lateral orbitofrontal circuit

25
Q

Loop: Motivated behavior and procedural learning

A

Anterior Cingulate Circuit

26
Q

Function of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Circuit

A

Executive functions: organizing behavior responses, problem solving

27
Q

Function of Lateral Orbitofrontal Circuit

A

Mediating empathetic and socially appropriate responses

28
Q

Function of Anterior Cingulate Circuit

A

Motivated behavior and Procedural learning

29
Q

Describe the effect of increased inhibition of the thalamus by the basal ganglia

A

Reduced excitatio of the motor cortex = hypokinesia

This occurs when the putamen can’t be activated due to loss of dopamine or damage to the putamen OR globus pallidus

30
Q

Term: poverty of movement

A

Hypokinesia

31
Q

Condition: When the putamen cann’t be activated secondary to loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s Disease

32
Q

Condition: Damage to putamen or globus pallidus

A

Parkinsonism

33
Q

Describe the effect of decreased inhibition of the thalamus by the basal ganglia

A

Increased excitation of motor cortex = hyperkinesia

Occurs due to loss of connection with subthalamic nuclei or striatal neurons (indirect pathways lost)

34
Q

Structure: Produced dopamine

A

Substantia nigra

35
Q

Describe the effect of domapine on the direct and indirect pathways

A

EXCITES the DIRECT pathway

INHIBITS the INDIRECT pathway

36
Q

Describe how dopamine facilitate movement

A

via suppression of the internal globus pallidus output

37
Q

Describe the effect of domapine in PD

A

Loss of dopamine results in DECREASED activity in the DIRECT pathway and INCREASED activity in the INDIRECT pathway which ENHANCES output from the INTERNAL globus pallidus resulting in INCREASED INHIBITION of the thalamus and REDUCED excitation fo the motor cortex

38
Q

Term: wild flailing movements

A

Ballism

39
Q

Describe the physiology behind hyperkinesia due to a basal ganglia dysfunction

A

There is a loss of excitatory subthalamic nucleus connection to the internal globus pallidus which DISINHIBITS the VL of the thalamus resulting in INCREASED excitation of the PMA/M1

40
Q

Condition:

  • Hyperkinesia and cognitive impairments
  • Autosomal dominant
  • Onset from 30-50 yo; death w/in 15-20 yrs
  • Indirect pathway lost due to dysfunction in the striatum
A

Huntington’s Disease

41
Q

Condition: Neurological syndrome dominated by sustained mm contractions causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal posture

A

Dystonia

42
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of dystonia

A

Dystonia occurs due to a defect in the descending pathways involving reciprocal inhibition of motor neurons which results in co-contraction of agonists and antagonists

Dystonia can also be a result of chemcial dysfunction in the basal ganglia leading to poor inhibition of motor control

43
Q

Focal Dystonia: uncontrolled blinking or closure of eyelids

A

Blepharospasm

44
Q

Focal Dystonia: Neck mm contract, turning head to one side or pulling it forward/backward

A

Cervical dystonia

45
Q

Focal Dystonia: Face and jaw mm contract causing grimaces or facial distortion

A

Oromandibular dystonia

46
Q

Focal Dystonia: Affecting speech mm of the throat cuasing strained, forced, or breathy speech

A

Dysphonia

PTRS 852 - Neuro PT 1 Final (13 decks)

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