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PTRS 852 - Neuro PT 1 Final > Cerebellum [Guest Lecture] > Flashcards

Cerebellum [Guest Lecture] Flashcards

1
Q

List the 6 functions of the Cerebellum

A
  1. Balance
  2. Feedback/forward
  3. Sensory info integrated into movement
  4. Timing
  5. Motor learning
  6. Adjustment
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2
Q

List the 3 lobes and 3 vertical sections of the cerebellum

A

Lobes: anterior, posterior, flocculonodular

Vertical sections: midline vermis, paravermal (medial) hemisphere, latearl hemisphere

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3
Q

Describe the 3’s of the cerebellum

A

3 layers of outer cortex (gray matter)

Deep cortex (white matter)

3 pairs of cerebellar nuclei

Also: 3 lobes, nuclei, and peduncles

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4
Q

List the 3 pair of cerebellar nuclei

A
  1. Fastigial
  2. Interposed (globose and emboliform)
  3. Dentate
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5
Q

List the 3 cerebellar peduncles

A
  1. Inferior (largely input, some output to vestibular/reticular)
  2. Middle (input only)
  3. Superior (largely output to cortex, red nucleus, reticular)
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6
Q

Structure: Only output of cerebellar cortex

A

Purkinje cells

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7
Q

List the 2 input cell types of the cerebellum

A

Climbing: synapse directly with purkinje cells

Mossy: do not contact purkinje cell directly

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8
Q

Fiber: Carry motor plan from cerebrum to cerebellum

A

Climbing fibers

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9
Q

Cell: Carry peripheral sensation to cerebellum

A

Granule cell

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10
Q

Structure: Parallel fiber complex

A

Mossy fibers

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11
Q

Describe the arrangment of climbing fibers

A
  • Synapse direclty on purkinje cells
  • Their firing causing firing of purkinje cells
  • Each purkinje receives input from 1 climbing fiber
  • Each climbing fiber contacts 1-10 purkinje neurons
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12
Q

Describe mossy fibers

A
  • Have a DIVERGENT influence on cerebellar function
  • DO NOT contact purkinje fibers directly
  • Synapse on: granule cells, golgi cells, stellate cells, basket cells
  • INHIBITORY effect on granule and purkinje cells
  • PARALLEL fibers run along top of purkinje fibers
  • Pass through several hundren thousand purkinje cells
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13
Q

Describe the influence of climbing and parallel (mossy) fibers on perkinje cells

A

Both are EXCITATORY

Single AP from climbing = purkinje depolarize

Weaker influence from paralle fibers,

Climbing fibers act to “teach” purkinje cells how to response to particular patterns of parallel fiber (sensory) inputs – to the point where CNS info is no longer needed to make quick adjustments ex. walking

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14
Q

Corresponding area: cerebrocerebellum

A

Latearl hemisphere of cerebellum

hand, arm, foot, leg

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15
Q

Corresponding area: Vermis and Paravermis hemisphere

A

Spinocerebellum

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16
Q

Corresponding area: Flocculonodular lobe

A

Vestibulocerebellum

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17
Q

Portion of Cerebellum:

Contorls extension and proximal mm

Important for posture control/balance

Coordinates eye and head movement (VOR)

A

Descending tracts of vestibulocerebellum – flocculonodular lobe and vermis

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18
Q

Portion of Cerebellum:

Primarily influence limb movement

Compares commands from M1 to actual position/velocity of moving part and can issue correcting signals

A

Descending tracts of spinocerebellum – paravermal hemisphere

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19
Q

Describe the input and output of the descending spinocerebellar tract

A

Input: from motor cortex to SC

Output: via interposed n. through VL/VA of thalamus to M1/Red nucleus

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20
Q

Portion of Cerebellum:

Involved in planning and programming of voluntary, learned, skillful movement by influencing output of the motor cortex

A

Descending trat of the cereberocerebellum – lateral hemisphere

21
Q

Describe the input and ouput of the descending cerebrocerebellar tract

A

Input: from widespread areas of the cerebral cortex to the pontine n.

Output : via dentate n. to VL/VA of thalamus to premotor/motor cortex

22
Q

Describe how the cerebellum is a “double cross”

A

The output from the cerebellum crosses to the contralateral thalamus/red nucleus/motor cortex. Those tracts cross to the contralateral side when they descend

Thus cerebellar lesions typically effect the ipsilatera side

The cerebellum serves the SAME SIDE of the BODY

23
Q

Function: Descending Vestibulocerebellar Tract

A

Control of extnesion and prox mm

Balance and posture control

VOR

24
Q

Function: Descending Spinocerebellar Tract

A

Compares commands from motor cortex with actual position/velocity of moving part and can issue correcting signals

25
Q

Function: Descending Cerebrocerebellar Tract

A

Involved in planning and programming voluntary, learned, skilfull movement by influencing the output of the motor cortex

26
Q

Area of Damage:

Balance disorders

Ataxia

Full control of limbs in supine

Shaking due to constant adjustment attempts

A

Vestibulocerebellum and vermis

27
Q

Area of Damage:

Loss of eye control

Difficulty with pursit eye movement

Difficulty with accurate voluntary eye movement

A

Vestibulocerebellum

28
Q

Describe the presentation of an individual with damage to their:

  1. Vestibulocerebellum and vermis
  2. Vestibulocerebellum
A
  1. Balance disorders, ataxia, shaking, full control of limbs in supine
  2. Loss of eye control
29
Q

Describe why those with vestibulocerebellar and vermis damage still have limb control in supine

A

Because the cerebrum/lateral cerebellar hemisphere are still in tact

30
Q

Area of Damage:

  • Disruption of accurate execution of movement
  • Hypotonia (decreased corticospinal and rubrospinal tract activity)
  • Dysmetria
  • Ataxia
  • Intention tremor
  • Pendular reflex
A

Spinocerebrum and paravermis hemisphere

31
Q

Term: Disrupted accuracy of reaching b/c of increased erros in timing components of movement

A

Dysmetria

32
Q

Term: Poor coordination of joints

A

Ataxia

33
Q

Term: correction of errory

A

Intention tremor

34
Q

Term: reflex disruption

A

Pendular reflex

35
Q

Describe the presentation of an individual with spinocerebellar/paravermis damage

A
  • Disrupted accuracy of movement
  • Hypotonia
  • Dysmetria
  • Ataxia
  • Intention tremor
  • Pendular reflex
36
Q

Area of Damage:

Errors in movement timing

Delays in initiating movements

Increased reaction time

Disrupted sequential movements

A

cerebrocerebellum and lateral cerebellar hemispheres

37
Q

Term: disrupted sequential movements

A

decomposition of movements

38
Q

Describe the presentation of an individual with cerebrocerebellar and lateral cerebellar hemisphere damage

A
  • Errors in movement timing
  • Delays in initiating movements
  • Increased reaction time
  • Decomposition of movement
39
Q

Term: Inability to perform rapid alternating movements

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

40
Q

Term: How a behavior was accomplished and it’s outcome

A

Feedback

41
Q

Term: Prediction about what is coming

A

Feedforward

42
Q

Describe the result of feedforward information

A
  1. allows precisely timind movements
  2. importantfor multi-joint movement - controls relative timing
43
Q

Describe the 2 cerebrocerebellar loops and their role in motor learning

A

Loop 1 = thalamus to premotor and primary motor areas

Loop 2 = red nucleus to inferior olivary nucleus and back to controlateral cerebellum forming feedback loop

Feedback loop pathways suports MENTAL REHEARSAL of movements and motor learning

44
Q

Describe the paravermis role in motor learning

A

Incorporates error related feedback into up coming movements during motor learning

45
Q

Describe the role of the cerebellum during learning

A
  • Active early during acquisition of motor skills
  • Chunk information to when learning a series of movements
  • Allows for advanced preparation
  • Important for feedback and feedfoward processes
46
Q

Term: allows a series of movements to be learned and smoothed over time

A

Chunking

47
Q

Describe the role of the cerebrocerellum in cognition

A
  • input to cerebrocerebellum exculsively form cerebral cortex
  • Interconnected with working memory regions
  • Dentate n. important in acquiring and processing sensory info for tasks requiring complex spatial and temporal judgments
  • Lateral hemisphere associated with: word learning, silent reading, pegboard puzzle solving
48
Q

Portion of Cerebellum: Functions for feeback

A

Paravermis

49
Q

Portion of Cerebellum: Functions in controlling motor tone

A

Vermis

PTRS 852 - Neuro PT 1 Final (13 decks)

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