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PTRS 852 - Neuro PT 1 Final > Cortex > Flashcards

Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the layers of the cerebral cortex

A

1-2 = input

3-4 = input from thalamus

5 = major output (corticopsinal)

6 = local output

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2
Q

Structure: to/from cortex and subcortical structures and spinal cord

A

Projecton Fibers (Subcortical white matter)

Tracts/pathways we’ve been learning

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3
Q

Structure: Connect homologous areas of R and L hemisphere

A

Commissural fibers (Subcortical white matter)

ex. corpus callosum

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4
Q

Structure: connect cortical regions within one hemisphere

A

Association fibers (Subcortical white matter)

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5
Q

List the 3 types of subcortical white matter

A
  1. projection fibers
  2. commissural fibers
  3. association fibers
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6
Q

Area: receive sensory info directly from thalamus, each discriminates among different intensities and qualities of one type of input

A

Primary Sensory Areas

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7
Q

Function: Primary somatosensory, 312

A

Discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects

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8
Q

Function: Primary auditory, 41

A

Conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds

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9
Q

Function: Primary Visual, 17

A

Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects

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10
Q

Function: Primary vestibular, 40

A

Discriminates among head positions and head movements

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11
Q

Function: Secondary somatosensory, 5,7

A

Stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment

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12
Q

Function: Secondary visual, 18-21

A

Analysis of motion, color; control of visual fixation

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13
Q

Function: Secondary auditory, 22, 42

A

Classification of sounds

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14
Q

List some specifc complex behaviors controlled by the association cortices

A

integration and interpretation of sensation

processing of memory

emotions

personality

executive functions

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15
Q

Association Cortex: exectuive function, self awareness, avoids socially inappropriate behavior

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal association, 8, 9, 46

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16
Q

Association Cortex: Sensory integration, understanding language and spatial relationships

A

Parietotemporal association, 39, 49, part of 7, 19, 21, 22, 37

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17
Q

Association Cortex: Impulse controle, personality

A

Ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association

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18
Q

Association Cortex: Regulates mood and affect

A

Ventral prefrontal association, 11, 44, 45, 47

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19
Q

Association Cortex: Regulates emotion and reaction to emotion

A

Medial dorsal prefrontal association, 8, 9, 10

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20
Q

List the 2 main functions of the Association Cortices

A

Organizing complex behavior

Executive function or goal-oriented behavior

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21
Q

List some specific executive functions controlled by the association cortices

A

deciding on a goal

planning how to acocmplish the goal

executing a plan

monitorying the execution of the plan

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22
Q

Motor area: motor programming of speech, usually L hemisphere only

A

Broac’s area, 44, part of 45

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23
Q

Motor area: planning nonverbal communication, emotional gestures, tone of voice, usually in the R hemisphere

A

Area analogous to Broca’s in the opposite hemisphere

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24
Q

Broadmann’s area: M1, primary motor area

A

4

25
Q

Broadmann’s area: Premotor area

A

6

26
Q

Describe the function of the L and R Wernicke’s area

A

L: comprehension of spoken language

R: interpreting nonverbal signals, comprehension of spatial relationships

27
Q

Term: Mental representation of how the body is anatomically arranged

A

Body schemia or image

28
Q

Describe the function of the L and R Broca’s area

A

L: instruction for language output, plan movements to produce speech

R: intrustion for producing nonverbal communication, emotional guestures and tone of voice

29
Q

Broadmann’s area: Wernicke’s area

A

22

30
Q

Cortical Damage: loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

31
Q

Cortical Damage: Loss of localization of sounds

A

Primary auditory cortex

32
Q

Cortical Damage: Homonymous hemianopsia

A

Primary visual cortex

33
Q

Cortical Damage: change in awareness of head position and movement

A

Primary vestibular

34
Q

Term: inability to recognize objects useing a specific snese, even though discriminatvie ability remains intact

A

Agnosia (umbrella term)

35
Q

Term: inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation

A

Astereognosis

36
Q

Term: inability to visually recognize objects desptie having intact vision

A

visual agnosia

37
Q

Term: inability to identify people’s faces

A

Prosopagnosia

Can still identify individuals by voice or mannerism

38
Q

Term: unable to distinguis language vs. other sounds

A

L auditory agnosia

39
Q

Term: interference when interpreting environmental sounds

A

R auditory adnosia

40
Q

Term: inability to perform a movement or sequence of movement depsite intact sensation, motor output, and cognition

A

Apraxia

41
Q

Term: Impairments with speaking and writing

A

Broca’s aphasia

42
Q

Term: Speech disorder due to paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity of mm used for speaking

A

Dysarthria

43
Q

Cortical Damage: loss of executive function, initiative, apathy, or divergent thinking

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal association

44
Q

Cortical Damage: difficult with sensory integration, Wernicke’s aphasia (L) or neglect/difficulty understanding non-verbal communication (R)

A

Parietotemporal association

45
Q

Cortical Damage: impaired emotional responses, difficult with self control, impulsive

A

Ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association

46
Q

Term: disorders of spoken language

A

Aphasia

47
Q

Term: Disorder of comprehension of written language

A

Alexia

48
Q

Term: disorder of ability to write

A

Agraphia

49
Q

Type of Aphasia:

  • Difficulty expressing oneself using language
  • Able to understand language and control muscles for other purposes
  • May be able to produce emotional speech when upset
  • Usually aware of language difficulties
  • Frustrated
  • Usually writing impaired also
  • Reading spared
A

Broca’s aphasia

50
Q

Type of Aphasia: Motor, expressive, non-fluent aphasia

A

Broca’s aphasia

51
Q

Type of Aphasia:

  • Language comprehension impaired
  • Easily produce sounds, but output meaningless
  • Have alexia (inability to read) and unable write meaningful words
  • Often unaware of disorder
A

Wernicke’s aphasia

52
Q

Type of Aphasia: Receptive, sensory, fluent aphasia

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

53
Q

Type of Aphasia:

  • Damage to neurons that connect Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas
  • In severe forms, speech and writing meaningless
  • Mild forms, paraphrasia occurs
A

Conduction aphasia

54
Q

Type of Aphasia:

  • Inability use language in any form
  • Cannot produce understandable speech, comprehend spoken language, speak fluently, read, or write
  • Large lesion lateral L cerebrum
A

Global aphasia

55
Q

Nonverbal communication disorder:

  • Speak in monotone (difficulty producing intonations)
  • Lack emotional facial expressions and gestures
  • Flat affect
A

Nondominant Broca’s area

56
Q

Nonverbal communication disorder:

  • difficulty understanding intonations
  • neglect
A

Nondominant Wernicke’s area

57
Q

Condition:

  • Tendency to behave as if one side of the body does not exist
  • Fail to report or respond to stimuli present on contralesional side
  • Usually affect left side of body
A

Neglect

58
Q

Stroke:

  • Hemiparesis/hemiplegia/hemisensory loss affecting R side of body and face
  • Language/speech disorders
  • Cautious behavior, hesitant to try new tasks
A

L Hemisphere MCA Stroke

59
Q

Stroke:

  • Hemiparesis/hemiplegia/hemisensory loss affecting L side of body and face
  • Left neglect
  • Unable comprehend and produce emotional content of speech
  • Impulsive behavior, unaware of deficits
A

R Hemisphere MCA Stroke

PTRS 852 - Neuro PT 1 Final (13 decks)

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