Cortex Flashcards
Describe the layers of the cerebral cortex
1-2 = input
3-4 = input from thalamus
5 = major output (corticopsinal)
6 = local output
Structure: to/from cortex and subcortical structures and spinal cord
Projecton Fibers (Subcortical white matter)
Tracts/pathways we’ve been learning
Structure: Connect homologous areas of R and L hemisphere
Commissural fibers (Subcortical white matter)
ex. corpus callosum
Structure: connect cortical regions within one hemisphere
Association fibers (Subcortical white matter)
List the 3 types of subcortical white matter
- projection fibers
- commissural fibers
- association fibers
Area: receive sensory info directly from thalamus, each discriminates among different intensities and qualities of one type of input
Primary Sensory Areas
Function: Primary somatosensory, 312
Discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects
Function: Primary auditory, 41
Conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds
Function: Primary Visual, 17
Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects
Function: Primary vestibular, 40
Discriminates among head positions and head movements
Function: Secondary somatosensory, 5,7
Stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment
Function: Secondary visual, 18-21
Analysis of motion, color; control of visual fixation
Function: Secondary auditory, 22, 42
Classification of sounds
List some specifc complex behaviors controlled by the association cortices
integration and interpretation of sensation
processing of memory
emotions
personality
executive functions
Association Cortex: exectuive function, self awareness, avoids socially inappropriate behavior
Dorsolateral prefrontal association, 8, 9, 46
Association Cortex: Sensory integration, understanding language and spatial relationships
Parietotemporal association, 39, 49, part of 7, 19, 21, 22, 37
Association Cortex: Impulse controle, personality
Ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association
Association Cortex: Regulates mood and affect
Ventral prefrontal association, 11, 44, 45, 47
Association Cortex: Regulates emotion and reaction to emotion
Medial dorsal prefrontal association, 8, 9, 10
List the 2 main functions of the Association Cortices
Organizing complex behavior
Executive function or goal-oriented behavior
List some specific executive functions controlled by the association cortices
deciding on a goal
planning how to acocmplish the goal
executing a plan
monitorying the execution of the plan
Motor area: motor programming of speech, usually L hemisphere only
Broac’s area, 44, part of 45
Motor area: planning nonverbal communication, emotional gestures, tone of voice, usually in the R hemisphere
Area analogous to Broca’s in the opposite hemisphere
Broadmann’s area: M1, primary motor area
4
Broadmann’s area: Premotor area
6
Describe the function of the L and R Wernicke’s area
L: comprehension of spoken language
R: interpreting nonverbal signals, comprehension of spatial relationships
Term: Mental representation of how the body is anatomically arranged
Body schemia or image
Describe the function of the L and R Broca’s area
L: instruction for language output, plan movements to produce speech
R: intrustion for producing nonverbal communication, emotional guestures and tone of voice
Broadmann’s area: Wernicke’s area
22
Cortical Damage: loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception
Primary somatosensory cortex
Cortical Damage: Loss of localization of sounds
Primary auditory cortex
Cortical Damage: Homonymous hemianopsia
Primary visual cortex
Cortical Damage: change in awareness of head position and movement
Primary vestibular
Term: inability to recognize objects useing a specific snese, even though discriminatvie ability remains intact
Agnosia (umbrella term)
Term: inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation
Astereognosis
Term: inability to visually recognize objects desptie having intact vision
visual agnosia
Term: inability to identify people’s faces
Prosopagnosia
Can still identify individuals by voice or mannerism
Term: unable to distinguis language vs. other sounds
L auditory agnosia
Term: interference when interpreting environmental sounds
R auditory adnosia
Term: inability to perform a movement or sequence of movement depsite intact sensation, motor output, and cognition
Apraxia
Term: Impairments with speaking and writing
Broca’s aphasia
Term: Speech disorder due to paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity of mm used for speaking
Dysarthria
Cortical Damage: loss of executive function, initiative, apathy, or divergent thinking
Dorsolateral prefrontal association
Cortical Damage: difficult with sensory integration, Wernicke’s aphasia (L) or neglect/difficulty understanding non-verbal communication (R)
Parietotemporal association
Cortical Damage: impaired emotional responses, difficult with self control, impulsive
Ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association
Term: disorders of spoken language
Aphasia
Term: Disorder of comprehension of written language
Alexia
Term: disorder of ability to write
Agraphia
Type of Aphasia:
- Difficulty expressing oneself using language
- Able to understand language and control muscles for other purposes
- May be able to produce emotional speech when upset
- Usually aware of language difficulties
- Frustrated
- Usually writing impaired also
- Reading spared
Broca’s aphasia
Type of Aphasia: Motor, expressive, non-fluent aphasia
Broca’s aphasia
Type of Aphasia:
- Language comprehension impaired
- Easily produce sounds, but output meaningless
- Have alexia (inability to read) and unable write meaningful words
- Often unaware of disorder
Wernicke’s aphasia
Type of Aphasia: Receptive, sensory, fluent aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia
Type of Aphasia:
- Damage to neurons that connect Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas
- In severe forms, speech and writing meaningless
- Mild forms, paraphrasia occurs
Conduction aphasia
Type of Aphasia:
- Inability use language in any form
- Cannot produce understandable speech, comprehend spoken language, speak fluently, read, or write
- Large lesion lateral L cerebrum
Global aphasia
Nonverbal communication disorder:
- Speak in monotone (difficulty producing intonations)
- Lack emotional facial expressions and gestures
- Flat affect
Nondominant Broca’s area
Nonverbal communication disorder:
- difficulty understanding intonations
- neglect
Nondominant Wernicke’s area
Condition:
- Tendency to behave as if one side of the body does not exist
- Fail to report or respond to stimuli present on contralesional side
- Usually affect left side of body
Neglect
Stroke:
- Hemiparesis/hemiplegia/hemisensory loss affecting R side of body and face
- Language/speech disorders
- Cautious behavior, hesitant to try new tasks
L Hemisphere MCA Stroke
Stroke:
- Hemiparesis/hemiplegia/hemisensory loss affecting L side of body and face
- Left neglect
- Unable comprehend and produce emotional content of speech
- Impulsive behavior, unaware of deficits
R Hemisphere MCA Stroke
