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Zoology Midterms > Internal Fluids and Respiration Part 2 > Flashcards

Internal Fluids and Respiration Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

An extensive network of thin-walled vessels that arise as blind-ended lymph capillaries

A

Lymphatic system

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2
Q

This merges into larger vessels that drain in the neck region

A

Lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

Compare lymph and plasma

A

lymph has low concentration of protein

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4
Q

How does the large molecules (fats) absorbed from the gut reaches circulatory system

A

Lymphatic system

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5
Q

the intervals along the lymph vessels and have several defense-related functions.

A

Lymph nodes

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6
Q

What are the cells in lymph glands that remove foreign particles, especially bacteria

A

Macrophages

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7
Q

Where does lymphocytes develop ?

A

thymus gland and bone marrow

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8
Q

a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system.

A

lymphocytes

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9
Q

Two types of lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

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10
Q

What are the two respiratory process

A

Cellular respiration
External respiration

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11
Q

It is the oxidative process that occur within the cell

A

cellular respiration

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12
Q

It is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between organism and its environment

A

external respiration

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13
Q

Special oxygen-transporting blood protein

A

hemoglobin

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14
Q

Percentage of energy fish uses to extract oxygen from water

A

20%

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15
Q

How many times foes air contains oxygen than water

A

20

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Amount of oxygen in water and in air

A

Oxygen - 9mL per liter
Water - 209 mL per liter

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18
Q

How many times is water more dense than air

A

800 times

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19
Q

How many times is water more viscous than air

A

50 times

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20
Q

How many times do gas molecule diffuse more rapidly in air than water

A

10,000 times

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20
Q

The energy that costs mammals to breathe is how many percent?

A

1% to 2%

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

True or false: It does not need for the respiratory surface to be wet

A

False

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23
Q

True or false: respiratory surface needs to be thick

A

false

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24
Q

An organ that solved the successful breathing on land

A

lungs

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24
Q

What animals have developed invaginated respiratory surface and added pumping mechanism for gas exchange

A

Air breathers

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25
Q

This is the body surface such as gills that are used for aquatic respiration

A

Evagination

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25
Q

What animals respire through direct diffusion of gases between organism and environment

A

Protozoans, Sponges, Cnidarian, Worms

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25
Q

This is the body surface such as the lungs and tracheae for air breathing

A

Invagination

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26
Q

is a form of respiration in which gas exchange occurs across the skin or outer integument of an organism rather than gills or lungs.

A

Cutaneous respiration

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26
Q

Percentage of oxygen a eel can exchange gases with its skin

A

60%

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27
Q

Animals that performs cutaneous respiration

A

frog, eel, salamander, turtle, fish

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28
Q

These animals extend a thin body to achieve adequate gas exchange

A

Flatworms

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29
Q

These animals have highly specialized type of respiratory system. Direct and efficient system of tracheae

A

Insects and terrestrial arthropods

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29
Q

The branching system of tubes that extends through all parts of the insect’s body

A

tracheae

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29
Q

the most direct and efficient respiratory system in active animals

A

tracheal system

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30
Q

The smallest end channels that are fluid-filled that sinks into the plasma membrane of body cells

A

Tracheoles

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30
Q

The air enters the tracheal system through valve-like openings called?

A

spiracles

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31
Q

Why is the opening of spiracle regulated?

A

To reduce water loss

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31
Q

Tracheal system of insects

A

Spiracle
Tracheae
Tracheoles

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32
Q

How do some insects ventilate their tracheal system ?

A

Body movements

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32
Q

True or False: The tracheal system is independent of the circulatory system

A

True

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33
Q

True or False: Insects blood plays a direct role in oxygen transport

A

False

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34
Q

This is an effective respiratory device for life in water.

A

Gills / branchia

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35
Q

Two types of gills

A

external and internal

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36
Q

These are extensions of body surface like seen on sea stars

A

Dermal papulae

37
Q

These are extensions of body surface like seen on marine worms

A

Branchial tufts

38
Q

Dorsal lobe of paddlelike appendages

A

Parapodia

39
Q

Which is more efficient type of gill?

A

Internal gills

40
Q

This may serve as an external respiratory surface for some polychaete worms

A

Dorsal lobe of parapodia

41
Q

The gills of these animals have thin filamentous structures and richly supplied blood vessels

A

Fish and molluscs

42
Q

The arrangement of blood vessels where the blood flow is opposite to the flow of water across the gills

A

countercurrent flow

43
Q

In molluscs, how is water moved over the gills filaments

A

cilia

44
Q

This is often assisted by the fish’s forward movement through the water

A

Gill ventilation

45
Q

What do you call the ventilation of fish with mouth open

A

Ram ventilation

46
Q

In fish, water flow is in steady stream, pulled and pushed by ____

A

two-valved brachial pump

47
Q

Two components of two-valved brachial pump

A

Mouth and opercular cavities

48
Q

Air-breathing vertebrates posses this highly vascularized internal cavities

A

Lungs

49
Q

Invertebrates that has inefficient lungs

A

Snails,Scorpion, Spiders

50
Q

How doe terrestrial vertebrates ventilat their lungs

A

Muscle movements

51
Q

Vary from smooth walled bag like salamander lungs ato divided lungs of frog

A

Amphibian lungs

52
Q

Why does the lungs of noavian reptiles have greater surface area

A

Due to the division of air sacs

53
Q

Wh do you call the millions of small sacs in mammalian

A

Alveoli

54
Q

About how many of the air in human lungs is replenished each inspiration

A

1/6

55
Q

This animal’s lungs have n extensive system of air sacs as reservoir during ventilation

A

Bird Lungs

56
Q

What do you call the volume of air in lung’s pasageways where gas exchange doe not occur

A

Dead Space

57
Q

How many percent of air remains in the lungs

A

20% to 35%

58
Q

On inspiration how many percent of air passes over the parabronchi

A

25%

59
Q

Where does the75% air enters in birds?

A

Air sacs

60
Q

What breathing mehanisms does bird receive fresh air

A

Inspiration and expiration

61
Q

What
action does amphiians and lungfishes applies to force air into the lungs

A

Positive pressure

62
Q

What
action does Noavian reptiles, mammals, and birds applies in which there is an expansion of thoracic cavity to pull air into the lungs

A

Negative pressure

63
Q

Respiratory pathway of mammals

A

Nostril
Nasal Chamber
Internal Nares
Pharynx
Glottis
Larynx
Trachea

64
Q

The trachea branches into___

A

Two bronchi

65
Q

The bronchus divides and subdivides into small tubes called

A

Bronchioles

66
Q

Where does bronchioles leads to?

A

Alveoli (air sacs)

67
Q

What is the passage way of air from bronchioles to alveoli

A

Alveolar ducts

68
Q

What covers the aveoli and alveolar ducts that make it possible for easy gas exchange in ai an capillaries

A

Single-layered endothelium wall

69
Q

What are the air passageway lined with?

A

Mucus-secreting and ciliate epithelial cells

70
Q

Air undergoes three important changes

A
  • Filtered free from dust and foreign substance
  • Warmed to body temperature
  • Saturated with moisture
71
Q

What connectiv tissue does lungs have?

A

Elastic connectiv tissue

72
Q

Thin layer of tough epithelium covering the lungs

A

Visceral pleura

73
Q

Line the inner surface of the walls o th chest

A

Parietal pleura

74
Q

The spac between th pleura

A

Pleural cavity

75
Q

Maintains a partial vacuum helping lungs to expand

A

Intrapleural Pressure

76
Q

A dome-shaped muscular portion between chest cavity and abdomen

A

Diaphragm

77
Q

This type of diaphragm only occurs in mammal s

A

Diaphragm muscle

78
Q

Normallyinvoluntary and automatic

A

Breathing

79
Q

What regulates breathing in the brain

A

Neurons in medulla.

80
Q

Primary chemical stimulus that stimulates each inspiration

A

Chemoreceptors

81
Q
A
82
Q

In what animals where their respiratory gases are merely dissolve in body fluids

A

Invertebrates

83
Q

What animals can survive low levels of oxygen

A

Animals with low metabolic rates

84
Q

In many invertebrates and all vertebrates, these are special colore protein that transport all oxygen and significant amount of CO2

A

Respiratory pigments

85
Q

Where are respiratory pigments packed?

A

Blood cells

86
Q

Most widespread respiratory pigment in the animal kingdom

A

Hemoglobin

87
Q

Each gram of hemoglobin can carry a maximum of oxygen

A

1.3mL

88
Q

What do you call the colorless Protien and it percentage in th hemoglobin?

A

Globin, 95%

89
Q

A red iron-containing compound giving the red color to the blood an it percentage

A

Heme, 5%

90
Q

Which portion of hemoglbin has great affinity to oxygen?

A

heme

90
Q

Incurable condition in which a ingle amino acid in normal hemoglobin i replace by a valine in sickle celll hemoglobinsn

A

Sickle cell anemia

91
Q

What do you call hemoglobins without oxygen

A

Oxyhemoglobin

91
Q

Hydrogen cmbined with hemoglobin

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

92
Q

Carbon dioxide combines not with hem group but with amino acid group of several amino acid

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

93
Q

Blue copper containing protein present in crustacean an most mollucs

A

Hemocyanin

94
Q

Red pigment found in polychaete worms

A

Hemerythrin

95
Q

Pigment that had lower oxygen binding since it doe not have heme group

A

Hemerythrin

96
Q

How many percent of carbon dioxid i dissolved in th blood?

A

5%

97
Q

A greeniron containing pigment found in four fmily o polychaete tubeworms

A

Chlorocruorin

98
Q

What is the converion of CO2 when reminde diffuses into RBC

A

70% carbonic acid

99
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the CO2 into Carbonic acid

A

Carbonic anhydrase

100
Q

Approximate percentage of carbon dioxide that combines reversibly with hemoglobin to form th carbaminohemoglobin

A

25%

101
Q

How is the reaction reversed?

A

Lungs and carbon dioxide diffuse into alveoli

Zoology Midterms (7 decks)

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