Internal Fluids and Respiration Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
An extensive network of thin-walled vessels that arise as blind-ended lymph capillaries
A
Lymphatic system
2
Q
This merges into larger vessels that drain in the neck region
A
Lymphatic vessels
3
Q
Compare lymph and plasma
A
lymph has low concentration of protein
4
Q
How does the large molecules (fats) absorbed from the gut reaches circulatory system
A
Lymphatic system
5
Q
the intervals along the lymph vessels and have several defense-related functions.
A
Lymph nodes
6
Q
What are the cells in lymph glands that remove foreign particles, especially bacteria
A
Macrophages
7
Q
Where does lymphocytes develop ?
A
thymus gland and bone marrow
8
Q
a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system.
A
lymphocytes
9
Q
Two types of lymphocytes
A
T cells and B cells
10
Q
What are the two respiratory process
A
Cellular respiration
External respiration
11
Q
It is the oxidative process that occur within the cell
A
cellular respiration
12
Q
It is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between organism and its environment
A
external respiration
13
Q
Special oxygen-transporting blood protein
A
hemoglobin
14
Q
Percentage of energy fish uses to extract oxygen from water
A
20%
15
Q
How many times foes air contains oxygen than water
A
20
16
Q
A
17
Q
Amount of oxygen in water and in air
A
Oxygen - 9mL per liter
Water - 209 mL per liter
18
Q
How many times is water more dense than air
A
800 times
19
Q
How many times is water more viscous than air
A
50 times
20
Q
How many times do gas molecule diffuse more rapidly in air than water
A
10,000 times
20
Q
The energy that costs mammals to breathe is how many percent?
A
1% to 2%
21
Q
A
22
Q
True or false: It does not need for the respiratory surface to be wet
A
False
23
Q
True or false: respiratory surface needs to be thick
A
false
24
An organ that solved the successful breathing on land
lungs
24
What animals have developed invaginated respiratory surface and added pumping mechanism for gas exchange
Air breathers
25
This is the body surface such as gills that are used for aquatic respiration
Evagination
25
What animals respire through direct diffusion of gases between organism and environment
Protozoans, Sponges, Cnidarian, Worms
25
This is the body surface such as the lungs and tracheae for air breathing
Invagination
26
is a form of respiration in which gas exchange occurs across the skin or outer integument of an organism rather than gills or lungs.
Cutaneous respiration
26
Percentage of oxygen a eel can exchange gases with its skin
60%
27
Animals that performs cutaneous respiration
frog, eel, salamander, turtle, fish
28
These animals extend a thin body to achieve adequate gas exchange
Flatworms
29
These animals have highly specialized type of respiratory system. Direct and efficient system of tracheae
Insects and terrestrial arthropods
29
The branching system of tubes that extends through all parts of the insect's body
tracheae
29
the most direct and efficient respiratory system in active animals
tracheal system
30
The smallest end channels that are fluid-filled that sinks into the plasma membrane of body cells
Tracheoles
30
The air enters the tracheal system through valve-like openings called?
spiracles
31
Why is the opening of spiracle regulated?
To reduce water loss
31
Tracheal system of insects
Spiracle
Tracheae
Tracheoles
32
How do some insects ventilate their tracheal system ?
Body movements
32
True or False: The tracheal system is independent of the circulatory system
True
33
True or False: Insects blood plays a direct role in oxygen transport
False
34
This is an effective respiratory device for life in water.
Gills / branchia
35
Two types of gills
external and internal
36
These are extensions of body surface like seen on sea stars
Dermal papulae
37
These are extensions of body surface like seen on marine worms
Branchial tufts
38
Dorsal lobe of paddlelike appendages
Parapodia
39
Which is more efficient type of gill?
Internal gills
40
This may serve as an external respiratory surface for some polychaete worms
Dorsal lobe of parapodia
41
The gills of these animals have thin filamentous structures and richly supplied blood vessels
Fish and molluscs
42
The arrangement of blood vessels where the blood flow is opposite to the flow of water across the gills
countercurrent flow
43
In molluscs, how is water moved over the gills filaments
cilia
44
This is often assisted by the fish's forward movement through the water
Gill ventilation
45
What do you call the ventilation of fish with mouth open
Ram ventilation
46
In fish, water flow is in steady stream, pulled and pushed by ____
two-valved brachial pump
47
Two components of two-valved brachial pump
Mouth and opercular cavities
48
Air-breathing vertebrates posses this highly vascularized internal cavities
Lungs
49
Invertebrates that has inefficient lungs
Snails,Scorpion, Spiders
50
How doe terrestrial vertebrates ventilat their lungs
Muscle movements
51
Vary from smooth walled bag like salamander lungs ato divided lungs of frog
Amphibian lungs
52
Why does the lungs of noavian reptiles have greater surface area
Due to the division of air sacs
53
Wh do you call the millions of small sacs in mammalian
Alveoli
54
About how many of the air in human lungs is replenished each inspiration
1/6
55
This animal's lungs have n extensive system of air sacs as reservoir during ventilation
Bird Lungs
56
What do you call the volume of air in lung's pasageways where gas exchange doe not occur
Dead Space
57
How many percent of air remains in the lungs
20% to 35%
58
On inspiration how many percent of air passes over the parabronchi
25%
59
Where does the75% air enters in birds?
Air sacs
60
What breathing mehanisms does bird receive fresh air
Inspiration and expiration
61
What
action does amphiians and lungfishes applies to force air into the lungs
Positive pressure
62
What
action does Noavian reptiles, mammals, and birds applies in which there is an expansion of thoracic cavity to pull air into the lungs
Negative pressure
63
Respiratory pathway of mammals
Nostril
Nasal Chamber
Internal Nares
Pharynx
Glottis
Larynx
Trachea
64
The trachea branches into___
Two bronchi
65
The bronchus divides and subdivides into small tubes called
Bronchioles
66
Where does bronchioles leads to?
Alveoli (air sacs)
67
What is the passage way of air from bronchioles to alveoli
Alveolar ducts
68
What covers the aveoli and alveolar ducts that make it possible for easy gas exchange in ai an capillaries
Single-layered endothelium wall
69
What are the air passageway lined with?
Mucus-secreting and ciliate epithelial cells
70
Air undergoes three important changes
- Filtered free from dust and foreign substance
- Warmed to body temperature
- Saturated with moisture
71
What connectiv tissue does lungs have?
Elastic connectiv tissue
72
Thin layer of tough epithelium covering the lungs
Visceral pleura
73
Line the inner surface of the walls o th chest
Parietal pleura
74
The spac between th pleura
Pleural cavity
75
Maintains a partial vacuum helping lungs to expand
Intrapleural Pressure
76
A dome-shaped muscular portion between chest cavity and abdomen
Diaphragm
77
This type of diaphragm only occurs in mammal s
Diaphragm muscle
78
Normallyinvoluntary and automatic
Breathing
79
What regulates breathing in the brain
Neurons in medulla.
80
Primary chemical stimulus that stimulates each inspiration
Chemoreceptors
81
82
In what animals where their respiratory gases are merely dissolve in body fluids
Invertebrates
83
What animals can survive low levels of oxygen
Animals with low metabolic rates
84
In many invertebrates and all vertebrates, these are special colore protein that transport all oxygen and significant amount of CO2
Respiratory pigments
85
Where are respiratory pigments packed?
Blood cells
86
Most widespread respiratory pigment in the animal kingdom
Hemoglobin
87
Each gram of hemoglobin can carry a maximum of oxygen
1.3mL
88
What do you call the colorless Protien and it percentage in th hemoglobin?
Globin, 95%
89
A red iron-containing compound giving the red color to the blood an it percentage
Heme, 5%
90
Which portion of hemoglbin has great affinity to oxygen?
heme
90
Incurable condition in which a ingle amino acid in normal hemoglobin i replace by a valine in sickle celll hemoglobinsn
Sickle cell anemia
91
What do you call hemoglobins without oxygen
Oxyhemoglobin
91
Hydrogen cmbined with hemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin
92
Carbon dioxide combines not with hem group but with amino acid group of several amino acid
Carbaminohemoglobin
93
Blue copper containing protein present in crustacean an most mollucs
Hemocyanin
94
Red pigment found in polychaete worms
Hemerythrin
95
Pigment that had lower oxygen binding since it doe not have heme group
Hemerythrin
96
How many percent of carbon dioxid i dissolved in th blood?
5%
97
A greeniron containing pigment found in four fmily o polychaete tubeworms
Chlorocruorin
98
What is the converion of CO2 when reminde diffuses into RBC
70% carbonic acid
99
Enzyme that catalyzes the CO2 into Carbonic acid
Carbonic anhydrase
100
Approximate percentage of carbon dioxide that combines reversibly with hemoglobin to form th carbaminohemoglobin
25%
101
How is the reaction reversed?
Lungs and carbon dioxide diffuse into alveoli
