Internal Fluids and Respiration Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two body fluids?
A
Intracellular and Extracellular
2
Q
Fluids Insid the Cell
A
Intracellular Fluid
3
Q
Fluids outside the cell
A
Extracellular fluids
4
Q
How is extracellular fluid divided?
A
Blood plasma and Interstitial Fluid
5
Q
Buffers the cells from harsh physical and chemical chanes outsid the body.
A
Extracellular fluids
6
Q
What is an interstitial fluid?
A
A tissue fluid
7
Q
What is plasma, Intracellular fluids, and interstitial fluids are mostly composed of?
A
Water
8
Q
Range of water for animals
A
70% to 90%
9
Q
Range of water for Humans
A
70% by weight
10
Q
Percent of blood plasma in humans
A
5%
11
Q
Percent of cell water in Humans
A
50%
12
Q
Percent of Interstitial in humans
A
15%
13
Q
It is the pathway of exchange between cells of body an the outside world.
A
Plasma
14
Q
What substances does the body fluid contain
A
Inorganic and organic substances
15
Q
What are the primary electrocytes of extracellular component
A
Sodium, Chloride, Bicarbonate
16
Q
What are the primary electrocytes of Intracellular component
A
Ptassium, Magnesium, Potassium Ion, Protein
17
Q
What makes plasma and interstitial fluid differ from each other?
A
Plasma has larger proteins
18
Q
Which animal group lacks ciculatory system
A
Cnidarian and Flatworm
19
Q
a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the invertebrate body, remaining in direct contact with the animal’s tissues
A
Hemolymph
20
Q
Is a complex liquid tissue of formed elements suspended in plasma
A
Blood
21
Q
In vertebrate how many percent is the plasma and cellular components
A
55% plasma
45% cellular components
22
Q
Percent fo water in plasma
A
90%
23
Q
What does plasma contains?
A
Dissolved solids and dissolved gases
24
Q
This has diverse group with many functions
A
Plasma Proteins
25
This help maintain osmotic equilibrium
Albumins
26
What does globulin include?
Immunoglobulins
26
Hih molecular-weight proteins
Globulins
27
Percet of plasma proteins in albumins
60%
27
Large protein involved in blood clotting
Fibrinogen
28
Plasma minus the proteins
Serum
29
Other term for RBC
Erythrocytes
30
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Red Blood Cells/ erythrocytes
31
Scavengers that defend the body against foreign materials
White Blood Cells/ Leukocytes
32
Other term for WBC
Leukocytes
33
What do you call cell fragments in mammals?
Platelets
34
What do you call cell fragments in Vertebrates?
Thrombocytes
35
Function in blood clotting
Cell Fragments
36
What does RBC contains
Hemoglobin
37
Major site of red blood cell production in other vertebrates
Kidney and spleen
38
Occurs in enormous numbers in th blood
RBC
39
In mammals and bird where are RBC developed
Erythroblast in Red bone marrow
40
Decrib the red blood cell in nonmammals vertebrates
Nucleated and Ellipsoidal
41
What happens to the RBC befor entering the circulation?
Lose nucleus and most other organelles
42
Shape of RBC in Humans
Biconcave
43
What is the reason for RBC having biconcave shaped cells
To provide greatest surface area for gas diffusion.
44
Each cell contains how many hemoglobin
280 million molecules of hemoglobin
45
Weight of each hemoglobin in Human's RBC
33%
46
Lifespan of RBC in humans
120 days
47
What removes the RBC when it reache its lifespan
Macrophages
48
This is the remainder heme molecule made during the breakdown of RBC
Bilirubin
49
What happens ot the iron from hemoglobin
Salvaged and recycled
50
How many erythrocytes are destroyed every second and must be replace
10 million
51
Shape of RBC in mammals
Disc-shaped
52
Shape of RBC in amphibian
Elliptical
53
Protect the body from diseas-causing agents
White Blood Cells/ Leukocytes
54
Are diverse grouop o large and small proteins that perform numerous functions
Plasma Proteins
55
What are the granulocytes
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
56
What are the Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes.
57
It is the process of pevention of excessiv bleeding
Hemostasis
58
It is a complxe series of chemical reactions
Blood coagulation
59
Precursor of hemoglobin
Heme
60
Percent weight of hemoglobin in erythrocyte
33%
61
Shape of the Erythrocyte of gerbil and does it have a nucleus?
Biconcave disc
No nucleus
62
Shape of frog erythrocytes and does it have a nucleus?
Convex discs
Has nucleus
63
Large scavenger cells
Macrophages
64
What is the conversion of heme when it enters circulation
Bilirubin
65
2 kinds of white blood cells
Granulocytes and monocytes
66
How does bloo flws in animals with close circulatory system
Hydrostatic pressure
67
Central space in th artery, vein, or capillary through which blood flow
Vessel Lumen
68
Escape of blood fom a ruptured blood vessels
Hemorrhage
68
When vessel is damaged, what happens?
Smooth muscle in th wall of vessel contracts causing vessel lumen to becom narrow.
69
What do active
in vertebrates with high blood pressure contain that can form plugs, clots at th injury site.
Special cellular components and protein.
70
In crustacea what does t hav to prevent hemorrhage
Hemolymph
71
Other cells or mechanisms that has clotting factor
Fibrinogen and Ameboid cells
72
It is a soluble protein. Forms the tangled network o fibers from one of the plasma proteins
Fibrinogen
73
It forms from fibrinogen, it entagles the blood cells to form a gel-like clot
Fibrin
74
An enzyme in blood plasm which causes the clotting of blood converting fibrinogen to fibrin
Thrombin
75
Thrombin is normally present in bloo in an inactive form called?
Prothrombin
76
This is released when the normally smooth inner surfac of blood vessel is disrupted.
Thromboplastin
77
This is initiated after tissue damage by disintegration of platelets in blood, resulting in a complex series of intravascular reactions.
Clotting
78
Thi forms blood clot which arrest bleeding
Fibrin and entangled red blood cells
79
In th process of blood coagulation ______ and _____- plays a vital ro in clotting
Platelets and damaged cells of blood vessels
80
The sequence forms an amplified______ which each reactant in the sequence leading to a large increase to the next reactant
Cascade
80
It adheres to any disruption in the normally smoot inner surafce of blood vessels
Platelets
80
What does clotting ftors an calcium ion forms
Complex catalytic sequence
80
THese orm in red bone marrow
Platelets
80
It inititaes conversion of prothrombin to active thrombin
Clotting factors and calcium ions
81
How many plasma coagulation factors are known
Thirteen
81
True or false: Deficy of one factor cannot interfere with the process of the clotting process
False
81
One o several clotting abnormalities
Hemophilia
81
It is a conidtion characterized by failure of blood to clot, even insignifcant wound causes severe bleeding
Hemophilia
81
Other term of hemophilia
Disease of kings
82
What chromosome does hemophilia attacks
X
sex chromosome, male
82
True or false: Large Animals cannot rely on diffusion to support respiratory and metabolic needs
True
82
These animals utilize water medium around them for transport
Sponges an dipoblasts
82
List the complete circulatory system
Propulsive organ
arteries
capillaries
venous reservoir return system
82
Under annelid: vessel that carries blood towards the head.
Dorsal Vessel
82
Where can you observe th complete circulatory system
Annelid Worms
82
What does fla-bodied animals utilize to transfer respiratory gases and metabolic wastes
Simple diffusion
82
Two main vessels of earthworms
Dorsal vessel and ventral vessel
83
Under annelid: vessel that Flows posteriorly delivering blood throughout the body
Ventral Vessel
84
What serves as the heart of annelids
Dorsal vessels
85
In the circulatory system of annelids, it functios as the accesory of heart to maintain stetady flow of blood.
FIve aortic arches
86
These are animals that has open circulation since the coelom i not developed
Arthropod
87
Two type of circulations
Open circulation
Closed circulation
88
The circulation medium is cofined to vessels throughout its journey through thevascular system.
Closed circulation
89
A circulation in which there are no small blood vessels or capillaries connecting arteries with vein
Open circulation
90
The primary body cavity of most invertebrates containing circulatory fluid
Hemocoel
91
What i the percent of blood Volume in closed circulation
20% to 40%
92
What i the percent of blood Volume in Open circulation
5% to 10%
93
In arthropods where doe the hearts and all organ lie
Hemocoel
94
In arthropods, what do you call th valved openings that enables to enter th heart
Ostia
95
What resembles the movement of heart contraction
Peristaltic wave
96
Longitudinal membranes
Septa
97
Is the bloo pressure in open circulatory system high or low
Low
98
What boosts the blood flow of low blood pressure in open circulation
Auxilarry hearts or contractil vessels
99
Direction o propel blood to head where it washes into te hemocoel
Forward-moving waves
100
How i blood routed to the body and appendagesmem to return to the heart.
Baffles and membranes (septa)
101
Blood pressure in open system
4-10 mm HG
102
Respiratory system of insects an some terrestrial arthropods
Tracheal system
103
Respiratory system in terrestrial pill bugs
Pseudotrachae
104
This system is more suitable for large and active animals because blood can b moved rapidly to tissue needing it.
Closed system
105
How are fluids lost into tissues and interstitial spaces returns the capillaries
Osmosi an lymphatic system
106
It pumps blood into the arteries
Heart
107
The
small branches of arteries leading to capilliaries
Arteriole
108
When blood leaves the capillaries where does it enters?
Venules
108
This part returns the blood to the heart
Veins
109
Respiratory in spiders
Book lungs
110
Thse are thin permitting rapid rate of transfer of materials between blood an tissues
Capillary walls
111
Two main chamber of a fish heart
Atrium and vetricle
112
An enlarged chamber of the fish where it collects blood from the venou system to assure a smoot delivery of blood to the heart
Sinus venosus
113
Where i the blood oxyenated in the fish circulatory stsem
Gills
114
Circulatory of fish
Heart
Gills
Dorsal aorta
Body organ
Veins
Heart
115
Type of circuit system in fishes
Single circuit system
116
Development occured in vertebrates to the elimination of gills
Double circulation
117
What are parts of doubl circulation
Systemic circuit and pulmonary circuit
118
This circuit in the double circulation provides oxygenated blood to capillary beds of body organs.
Systemic circuit
119
This circuit in the double circulation that serves the lungs
Pulmonary circuit
120
In modern amphibias, The heart is equipped with how many atria?
2 atria
121
This atrium receives venou blood from the body
Right atrium
122
This atrim receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Left atrium
123
Is the ventricle divied in modern amphibians? Yes or no
No
124
What do you call an oxygenated blood
Arterial blood
125
bloodWhat do you call a deoxygenated blood
Venous blood
126
Situation of separation o ventricles in nonavian reptiles an crocodile
Nearly complete
127
Situation of separation o ventricles in Bird and mammals
Completely sepaated
128
What serve the systemic and pulmonary circuits to seprate circulation
One half of a dual heart.
129
How many chambers in a mammalian heart?
4
130
It is a muscular organ that pumps blood
Heart
131
Where is the heart located in mammals
Thorax
132
What covers the heart?
Pericardium
133
Where does blood from the lungs enters?
Left atrium
134
Where does the left atrium passes the blood
Left ventricle
135
Where does the left ventricle pumps the blood to enter the body
Systemic circuit
136
How is blood returned from the body?
Right atrium
137
WHere does right atrium passes the blood to?
RIght ventricle
138
Where does the righ ventricle pumps the blod to th lungs
Pulmonary circuit.
139
Two sets of valve that prevents backflow
Biscuspid and tricuspid
140
Located between right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid / Right atri oventricular valve
141
Located between Left atrium and left ventricle
Biscuspid / Left atrioventricular Valvle
142
Located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
143
Located between left ventricle and aorta
Aortic Semilunar Valve
144
What do you call the contraction of heart
Systole
145
What do you call the relaxation of heart
Diastole
146
This is the volume of blood forced from either ventricle each minute.
Cardiac output
147
What can increase the cardiac output
Exercise
148
It is the product of heart rate and stroke voume
Cardiac output
149
Number of times th heart beats in minute
Heart rate
150
Volume of blood ejected during ventrivular contractioin
Stroke volume
151
True or False: Small animals have lower heart rate that large animals
False
152
Reason why smaller animals have high heart rate
Due to high metabolism proportionat to the body size
153
Heart rate of shrew
800 bpm
154
Heart rate of Mouse
400 bpm
155
Heart rate of Human
70 bpm
156
Heart rate of Cat
125 bpm
157
Muscle of the heart
Cardiac muscle
158
Specialized cardiac muscle cells that establishes the regular contractions.
Pacemaker cells
159
A tetrapod heart where i the pacemaker?
sinoatrial node.
160
Where does the contracrtio f ventricle begins
Apex of the heart
161
This delays the signal until your atria are empty of blood
Atrioventrcular node
162
This bundle carries the signal to the purkinje fibers
Bundle of His
163
Specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses
Purkinje Fibers
164
where is control (cardiac)center located In the brain?
Medulla
165
This nerve secretes acetylcholine to slow heart rate down
Vagus Nerve
166
This nerve secretes noradrenaline to speed up the heart rate
Accelerator nerves
167
This heart beats simultaneously and involuntary even if completely removed from the body
Myogenic Heart
168
In these type of heart a cardiac ganglionis locate don the heart that serves as a pacemaker.
Neurogenic heart
169
True or Flase: Heart does not have or requires own supply of blood
False
170
What animals has hearts that pumps sufficient needs
Frog and fish
171
Require the heart for iots ownvascular supply
Coronary circulation
172
Where does cornary arteries arise?
Aorta
173
What is the percentage of oxgen bing removed from the body when at rest
70%
174
How many times should blood supply increase when exercising
Nine times
175
Wha do you calls the partial or complete blockag of coronary circulation?
Coronary artery disease
176
What is the worst result of partial o complete blockag of circulation
Heart attack/myocardial infraction
177
Thickening loss of elasticity in arteries
Arteriosclerosis
178
When arterosclerosis i cause by fatty deposits in artery walls, the condition is called_____
Atherosclerosis
178
Blood clot that forms in a vein
Thrombus
178
A thrombu that breaks loose and travels from on location to another
Embolus
179
Conduct blood away rom the heart
Arteries
180
The 2 tissues composed of arteries
Elastic connective tissue
Tough Inelastic connective fibers
181
erage bloof pressure in humans
120(systolic)/80 (diastolic)
182
Branches and narrow forms of arteries
Arterioles
183
Type of muscle in arterioles
Smooth muscle
184
This control the bloo flow of the body organs, diverting it to here it is most needed
Arterioles
185
Who first measured blood presured and when
1733, Stephan Hales
186
This fluid movement is important in irrigating the interstitial space, providing tissue cells with oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients.
Capillaries exchange
187
What is the instrument that measures the bloo pressure of humans
Sphygmomanometer
188
Who first described capillarie
Marcello Malpighi, 1661
189
This form extensive networks in nearly all tissues
Capillaries
190
How many capillaries in muscle
Million per square inch
191
Size of capillarie
Narrow, 8 um
192
What cells are capillary walls compose of
Single layer of endothelial cells
193
What will occur if th fluids that leaves th capillarie does not reenter circulation
Cause edema, tissue accumulates fluid
194
What makes fluid exchange across capillary wall happens
Hydrostatic pressure an osmotic pressure
195
Type of cell that can easily diffuse across the plasma membran of endothelial cell.
Lipid-soluble substance
196
The balance of the fluid exchange across capillary wall is due to two opposing forces of _______ and ______________
Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
197
type of osmotic pressure induced by the albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma that causes a pull on fluid back into the capillary.
Colloid osmotic pressure
197
a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn't reabsorbed into your capillaries.
lymph or lymphatic fluid
198
This picks up and removes the remains of lymph in the interstitial spaces between tissue cells
Lymph capillaries
199
The smallest veins and receive blood from capillaries
Venules
199
Blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart.
Veins
200
Water and solutes are filtered out at the ________ end and drawn in the _____________ end
Arteriole and Venule
201
Blood pressure in capillaries
10 mm Hg (low)
202
What assists venous blood to return to the heart (4)
Valves in the vein
Contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding the vein
Rhythmical action of lungs
Suction created during diastole of heart
203
What type of pressure is in the thorax that is created by breathing that speeds the venous return to the vena cava
Negative Pressure
204
How can be fainting avoided when standing outside during a hot weather for a long time
pumping leg muscle
