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zoology midterms > Internal Fluids and Respiration Part 1 > Flashcards

Internal Fluids and Respiration Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two body fluids?

A

Intracellular and Extracellular

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2
Q

Fluids Insid the Cell

A

Intracellular Fluid

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3
Q

Fluids outside the cell

A

Extracellular fluids

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4
Q

How is extracellular fluid divided?

A

Blood plasma and Interstitial Fluid

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5
Q

Buffers the cells from harsh physical and chemical chanes outsid the body.

A

Extracellular fluids

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6
Q

What is an interstitial fluid?

A

A tissue fluid

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7
Q

What is plasma, Intracellular fluids, and interstitial fluids are mostly composed of?

A

Water

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8
Q

Range of water for animals

A

70% to 90%

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9
Q

Range of water for Humans

A

70% by weight

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10
Q

Percent of blood plasma in humans

A

5%

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11
Q

Percent of cell water in Humans

A

50%

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12
Q

Percent of Interstitial in humans

A

15%

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13
Q

It is the pathway of exchange between cells of body an the outside world.

A

Plasma

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14
Q

What substances does the body fluid contain

A

Inorganic and organic substances

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15
Q

What are the primary electrocytes of extracellular component

A

Sodium, Chloride, Bicarbonate

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16
Q

What are the primary electrocytes of Intracellular component

A

Ptassium, Magnesium, Potassium Ion, Protein

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17
Q

What makes plasma and interstitial fluid differ from each other?

A

Plasma has larger proteins

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18
Q

Which animal group lacks ciculatory system

A

Cnidarian and Flatworm

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19
Q

a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the invertebrate body, remaining in direct contact with the animal’s tissues

A

Hemolymph

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20
Q

Is a complex liquid tissue of formed elements suspended in plasma

A

Blood

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21
Q

In vertebrate how many percent is the plasma and cellular components

A

55% plasma
45% cellular components

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22
Q

Percent fo water in plasma

A

90%

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23
Q

What does plasma contains?

A

Dissolved solids and dissolved gases

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24
Q

This has diverse group with many functions

A

Plasma Proteins

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25
Q

This help maintain osmotic equilibrium

A

Albumins

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26
Q

What does globulin include?

A

Immunoglobulins

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26
Q

Hih molecular-weight proteins

A

Globulins

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27
Q

Percet of plasma proteins in albumins

A

60%

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27
Q

Large protein involved in blood clotting

A

Fibrinogen

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28
Q

Plasma minus the proteins

A

Serum

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29
Q

Other term for RBC

A

Erythrocytes

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30
Q

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Red Blood Cells/ erythrocytes

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31
Q

Scavengers that defend the body against foreign materials

A

White Blood Cells/ Leukocytes

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32
Q

Other term for WBC

A

Leukocytes

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33
Q

What do you call cell fragments in mammals?

A

Platelets

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34
Q

What do you call cell fragments in Vertebrates?

A

Thrombocytes

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35
Q

Function in blood clotting

A

Cell Fragments

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36
Q

What does RBC contains

A

Hemoglobin

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37
Q

Major site of red blood cell production in other vertebrates

A

Kidney and spleen

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38
Q

Occurs in enormous numbers in th blood

A

RBC

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39
Q

In mammals and bird where are RBC developed

A

Erythroblast in Red bone marrow

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40
Q

Decrib the red blood cell in nonmammals vertebrates

A

Nucleated and Ellipsoidal

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41
Q

What happens to the RBC befor entering the circulation?

A

Lose nucleus and most other organelles

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42
Q

Shape of RBC in Humans

A

Biconcave

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43
Q

What is the reason for RBC having biconcave shaped cells

A

To provide greatest surface area for gas diffusion.

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44
Q

Each cell contains how many hemoglobin

A

280 million molecules of hemoglobin

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45
Q

Weight of each hemoglobin in Human’s RBC

A

33%

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46
Q

Lifespan of RBC in humans

A

120 days

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47
Q

What removes the RBC when it reache its lifespan

A

Macrophages

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48
Q

This is the remainder heme molecule made during the breakdown of RBC

A

Bilirubin

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49
Q

What happens ot the iron from hemoglobin

A

Salvaged and recycled

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50
Q

How many erythrocytes are destroyed every second and must be replace

A

10 million

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51
Q

Shape of RBC in mammals

A

Disc-shaped

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52
Q

Shape of RBC in amphibian

A

Elliptical

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53
Q

Protect the body from diseas-causing agents

A

White Blood Cells/ Leukocytes

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54
Q

Are diverse grouop o large and small proteins that perform numerous functions

A

Plasma Proteins

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55
Q

What are the granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

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56
Q

What are the Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes.

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57
Q

It is the process of pevention of excessiv bleeding

A

Hemostasis

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58
Q

It is a complxe series of chemical reactions

A

Blood coagulation

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59
Q

Precursor of hemoglobin

A

Heme

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60
Q

Percent weight of hemoglobin in erythrocyte

A

33%

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61
Q

Shape of the Erythrocyte of gerbil and does it have a nucleus?

A

Biconcave disc
No nucleus

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62
Q

Shape of frog erythrocytes and does it have a nucleus?

A

Convex discs
Has nucleus

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63
Q

Large scavenger cells

A

Macrophages

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64
Q

What is the conversion of heme when it enters circulation

A

Bilirubin

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65
Q

2 kinds of white blood cells

A

Granulocytes and monocytes

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66
Q

How does bloo flws in animals with close circulatory system

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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67
Q

Central space in th artery, vein, or capillary through which blood flow

A

Vessel Lumen

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68
Q

Escape of blood fom a ruptured blood vessels

A

Hemorrhage

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68
Q

When vessel is damaged, what happens?

A

Smooth muscle in th wall of vessel contracts causing vessel lumen to becom narrow.

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69
Q

What do active
in vertebrates with high blood pressure contain that can form plugs, clots at th injury site.

A

Special cellular components and protein.

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70
Q

In crustacea what does t hav to prevent hemorrhage

A

Hemolymph

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71
Q

Other cells or mechanisms that has clotting factor

A

Fibrinogen and Ameboid cells

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72
Q

It is a soluble protein. Forms the tangled network o fibers from one of the plasma proteins

A

Fibrinogen

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73
Q

It forms from fibrinogen, it entagles the blood cells to form a gel-like clot

A

Fibrin

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74
Q

An enzyme in blood plasm which causes the clotting of blood converting fibrinogen to fibrin

A

Thrombin

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75
Q

Thrombin is normally present in bloo in an inactive form called?

A

Prothrombin

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76
Q

This is released when the normally smooth inner surfac of blood vessel is disrupted.

A

Thromboplastin

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77
Q

This is initiated after tissue damage by disintegration of platelets in blood, resulting in a complex series of intravascular reactions.

A

Clotting

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78
Q

Thi forms blood clot which arrest bleeding

A

Fibrin and entangled red blood cells

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79
Q

In th process of blood coagulation ______ and _____- plays a vital ro in clotting

A

Platelets and damaged cells of blood vessels

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80
Q

The sequence forms an amplified______ which each reactant in the sequence leading to a large increase to the next reactant

A

Cascade

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80
Q

It adheres to any disruption in the normally smoot inner surafce of blood vessels

A

Platelets

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80
Q

What does clotting ftors an calcium ion forms

A

Complex catalytic sequence

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80
Q

THese orm in red bone marrow

A

Platelets

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80
Q

It inititaes conversion of prothrombin to active thrombin

A

Clotting factors and calcium ions

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81
Q

How many plasma coagulation factors are known

A

Thirteen

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81
Q

True or false: Deficy of one factor cannot interfere with the process of the clotting process

A

False

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81
Q

One o several clotting abnormalities

A

Hemophilia

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81
Q

It is a conidtion characterized by failure of blood to clot, even insignifcant wound causes severe bleeding

A

Hemophilia

81
Q

Other term of hemophilia

A

Disease of kings

82
Q

What chromosome does hemophilia attacks

A

X
sex chromosome, male

82
Q

True or false: Large Animals cannot rely on diffusion to support respiratory and metabolic needs

A

True

82
Q

These animals utilize water medium around them for transport

A

Sponges an dipoblasts

82
Q

List the complete circulatory system

A

Propulsive organ
arteries
capillaries
venous reservoir return system

82
Q

Under annelid: vessel that carries blood towards the head.

A

Dorsal Vessel

82
Q

Where can you observe th complete circulatory system

A

Annelid Worms

82
Q

What does fla-bodied animals utilize to transfer respiratory gases and metabolic wastes

A

Simple diffusion

82
Q

Two main vessels of earthworms

A

Dorsal vessel and ventral vessel

83
Q

Under annelid: vessel that Flows posteriorly delivering blood throughout the body

A

Ventral Vessel

84
Q

What serves as the heart of annelids

A

Dorsal vessels

85
Q

In the circulatory system of annelids, it functios as the accesory of heart to maintain stetady flow of blood.

A

FIve aortic arches

86
Q

These are animals that has open circulation since the coelom i not developed

A

Arthropod

87
Q

Two type of circulations

A

Open circulation
Closed circulation

88
Q

The circulation medium is cofined to vessels throughout its journey through thevascular system.

A

Closed circulation

89
Q

A circulation in which there are no small blood vessels or capillaries connecting arteries with vein

A

Open circulation

90
Q

The primary body cavity of most invertebrates containing circulatory fluid

A

Hemocoel

91
Q

What i the percent of blood Volume in closed circulation

A

20% to 40%

92
Q

What i the percent of blood Volume in Open circulation

A

5% to 10%

93
Q

In arthropods where doe the hearts and all organ lie

A

Hemocoel

94
Q

In arthropods, what do you call th valved openings that enables to enter th heart

A

Ostia

95
Q

What resembles the movement of heart contraction

A

Peristaltic wave

96
Q

Longitudinal membranes

A

Septa

97
Q

Is the bloo pressure in open circulatory system high or low

A

Low

98
Q

What boosts the blood flow of low blood pressure in open circulation

A

Auxilarry hearts or contractil vessels

99
Q

Direction o propel blood to head where it washes into te hemocoel

A

Forward-moving waves

100
Q

How i blood routed to the body and appendagesmem to return to the heart.

A

Baffles and membranes (septa)

101
Q

Blood pressure in open system

A

4-10 mm HG

102
Q

Respiratory system of insects an some terrestrial arthropods

A

Tracheal system

103
Q

Respiratory system in terrestrial pill bugs

A

Pseudotrachae

104
Q

This system is more suitable for large and active animals because blood can b moved rapidly to tissue needing it.

A

Closed system

105
Q

How are fluids lost into tissues and interstitial spaces returns the capillaries

A

Osmosi an lymphatic system

106
Q

It pumps blood into the arteries

A

Heart

107
Q

The
small branches of arteries leading to capilliaries

A

Arteriole

108
Q

When blood leaves the capillaries where does it enters?

A

Venules

108
Q

This part returns the blood to the heart

A

Veins

109
Q

Respiratory in spiders

A

Book lungs

110
Q

Thse are thin permitting rapid rate of transfer of materials between blood an tissues

A

Capillary walls

111
Q

Two main chamber of a fish heart

A

Atrium and vetricle

112
Q

An enlarged chamber of the fish where it collects blood from the venou system to assure a smoot delivery of blood to the heart

A

Sinus venosus

113
Q

Where i the blood oxyenated in the fish circulatory stsem

A

Gills

114
Q

Circulatory of fish

A

Heart
Gills
Dorsal aorta
Body organ
Veins
Heart

115
Q

Type of circuit system in fishes

A

Single circuit system

116
Q

Development occured in vertebrates to the elimination of gills

A

Double circulation

117
Q

What are parts of doubl circulation

A

Systemic circuit and pulmonary circuit

118
Q

This circuit in the double circulation provides oxygenated blood to capillary beds of body organs.

A

Systemic circuit

119
Q

This circuit in the double circulation that serves the lungs

A

Pulmonary circuit

120
Q

In modern amphibias, The heart is equipped with how many atria?

A

2 atria

121
Q

This atrium receives venou blood from the body

A

Right atrium

122
Q

This atrim receives oxygenated blood from lungs

A

Left atrium

123
Q

Is the ventricle divied in modern amphibians? Yes or no

A

No

124
Q

What do you call an oxygenated blood

A

Arterial blood

125
Q

bloodWhat do you call a deoxygenated blood

A

Venous blood

126
Q

Situation of separation o ventricles in nonavian reptiles an crocodile

A

Nearly complete

127
Q

Situation of separation o ventricles in Bird and mammals

A

Completely sepaated

128
Q

What serve the systemic and pulmonary circuits to seprate circulation

A

One half of a dual heart.

129
Q

How many chambers in a mammalian heart?

A

4

130
Q

It is a muscular organ that pumps blood

A

Heart

131
Q

Where is the heart located in mammals

A

Thorax

132
Q

What covers the heart?

A

Pericardium

133
Q

Where does blood from the lungs enters?

A

Left atrium

134
Q

Where does the left atrium passes the blood

A

Left ventricle

135
Q

Where does the left ventricle pumps the blood to enter the body

A

Systemic circuit

136
Q

How is blood returned from the body?

A

Right atrium

137
Q

WHere does right atrium passes the blood to?

A

RIght ventricle

138
Q

Where does the righ ventricle pumps the blod to th lungs

A

Pulmonary circuit.

139
Q

Two sets of valve that prevents backflow

A

Biscuspid and tricuspid

140
Q

Located between right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid / Right atri oventricular valve

141
Q

Located between Left atrium and left ventricle

A

Biscuspid / Left atrioventricular Valvle

142
Q

Located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

143
Q

Located between left ventricle and aorta

A

Aortic Semilunar Valve

144
Q

What do you call the contraction of heart

A

Systole

145
Q

What do you call the relaxation of heart

A

Diastole

146
Q

This is the volume of blood forced from either ventricle each minute.

A

Cardiac output

147
Q

What can increase the cardiac output

A

Exercise

148
Q

It is the product of heart rate and stroke voume

A

Cardiac output

149
Q

Number of times th heart beats in minute

A

Heart rate

150
Q

Volume of blood ejected during ventrivular contractioin

A

Stroke volume

151
Q

True or False: Small animals have lower heart rate that large animals

A

False

152
Q

Reason why smaller animals have high heart rate

A

Due to high metabolism proportionat to the body size

153
Q

Heart rate of shrew

A

800 bpm

154
Q

Heart rate of Mouse

A

400 bpm

155
Q

Heart rate of Human

A

70 bpm

156
Q

Heart rate of Cat

A

125 bpm

157
Q

Muscle of the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

158
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells that establishes the regular contractions.

A

Pacemaker cells

159
Q

A tetrapod heart where i the pacemaker?

A

sinoatrial node.

160
Q

Where does the contracrtio f ventricle begins

A

Apex of the heart

161
Q

This delays the signal until your atria are empty of blood

A

Atrioventrcular node

162
Q

This bundle carries the signal to the purkinje fibers

A

Bundle of His

163
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses

A

Purkinje Fibers

164
Q

where is control (cardiac)center located In the brain?

A

Medulla

165
Q

This nerve secretes acetylcholine to slow heart rate down

A

Vagus Nerve

166
Q

This nerve secretes noradrenaline to speed up the heart rate

A

Accelerator nerves

167
Q

This heart beats simultaneously and involuntary even if completely removed from the body

A

Myogenic Heart

168
Q

In these type of heart a cardiac ganglionis locate don the heart that serves as a pacemaker.

A

Neurogenic heart

169
Q

True or Flase: Heart does not have or requires own supply of blood

A

False

170
Q

What animals has hearts that pumps sufficient needs

A

Frog and fish

171
Q

Require the heart for iots ownvascular supply

A

Coronary circulation

172
Q

Where does cornary arteries arise?

A

Aorta

173
Q

What is the percentage of oxgen bing removed from the body when at rest

A

70%

174
Q

How many times should blood supply increase when exercising

A

Nine times

175
Q

Wha do you calls the partial or complete blockag of coronary circulation?

A

Coronary artery disease

176
Q

What is the worst result of partial o complete blockag of circulation

A

Heart attack/myocardial infraction

177
Q

Thickening loss of elasticity in arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis

178
Q

When arterosclerosis i cause by fatty deposits in artery walls, the condition is called_____

A

Atherosclerosis

178
Q

Blood clot that forms in a vein

A

Thrombus

178
Q

A thrombu that breaks loose and travels from on location to another

A

Embolus

179
Q

Conduct blood away rom the heart

A

Arteries

180
Q

The 2 tissues composed of arteries

A

Elastic connective tissue
Tough Inelastic connective fibers

181
Q

erage bloof pressure in humans

A

120(systolic)/80 (diastolic)

182
Q

Branches and narrow forms of arteries

A

Arterioles

183
Q

Type of muscle in arterioles

A

Smooth muscle

184
Q

This control the bloo flow of the body organs, diverting it to here it is most needed

A

Arterioles

185
Q

Who first measured blood presured and when

A

1733, Stephan Hales

186
Q

This fluid movement is important in irrigating the interstitial space, providing tissue cells with oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients.

A

Capillaries exchange

187
Q

What is the instrument that measures the bloo pressure of humans

A

Sphygmomanometer

188
Q

Who first described capillarie

A

Marcello Malpighi, 1661

189
Q

This form extensive networks in nearly all tissues

A

Capillaries

190
Q

How many capillaries in muscle

A

Million per square inch

191
Q

Size of capillarie

A

Narrow, 8 um

192
Q

What cells are capillary walls compose of

A

Single layer of endothelial cells

193
Q

What will occur if th fluids that leaves th capillarie does not reenter circulation

A

Cause edema, tissue accumulates fluid

194
Q

What makes fluid exchange across capillary wall happens

A

Hydrostatic pressure an osmotic pressure

195
Q

Type of cell that can easily diffuse across the plasma membran of endothelial cell.

A

Lipid-soluble substance

196
Q

The balance of the fluid exchange across capillary wall is due to two opposing forces of _______ and ______________

A

Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

197
Q

type of osmotic pressure induced by the albumin, in a blood vessel’s plasma that causes a pull on fluid back into the capillary.

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

197
Q

a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries.

A

lymph or lymphatic fluid

198
Q

This picks up and removes the remains of lymph in the interstitial spaces between tissue cells

A

Lymph capillaries

199
Q

The smallest veins and receive blood from capillaries

A

Venules

199
Q

Blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart.

A

Veins

200
Q

Water and solutes are filtered out at the ________ end and drawn in the _____________ end

A

Arteriole and Venule

201
Q

Blood pressure in capillaries

A

10 mm Hg (low)

202
Q

What assists venous blood to return to the heart (4)

A

Valves in the vein
Contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding the vein
Rhythmical action of lungs
Suction created during diastole of heart

203
Q

What type of pressure is in the thorax that is created by breathing that speeds the venous return to the vena cava

A

Negative Pressure

204
Q

How can be fainting avoided when standing outside during a hot weather for a long time

A

pumping leg muscle

zoology midterms (7 decks)

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