Integumentary, Muscular and Skeletal Flashcards
1
Q
Outer covering othe body
A
Integument
2
Q
Structure derived from the skin
A
Hair
Setae
Scales
Feahers
Horns
2
Q
Have only delicate cell or plasma membrane for covering
A
Unicellular eukaryotes
3
Q
Single-celled freshwater animal that developed a protectiv pellicle
A
Paramecium
4
Q
The principle single-layered covering in most invertebrates skin
A
Epidermis
5
Q
A noncellular _____ is added over the epidermis by some invertebrates
A
Cuticle
6
Q
Phylum platyhelminthes has this that is resistant to immune responses of host and to digestion by host enzymes
A
Synctial tegument
7
Q
This epidermis is delicate and soft and contain mucuos gland , where some secretes calcium carbonate
A
Molluscs epidermis
8
Q
It has an integument consisting from surafce in ward of cuticle, simple epidermis, layers of connective tissue, layers of reflectig cells, and thicker layers of connective tissue
A
Cephalopod molluscs
9
Q
Have the most complex of invertebrate integuments
A
Arthropods
10
Q
In arthropod, thi is a single-layered that secretes a complex cuticle of two zones
A
Hypodermis
11
Q
In arthropods, this is the thicker zone composed of protein and chitin
A
Procuticle
12
Q
In arthropods, this is the outer zone of cuticle lying on external surface abov procuticle. It is nonchitinous
A
Epicuticle
13
Q
Thi is the process undergone when cuticle is stiffened, and ther is the deposition of calcium carbonate in the outer layers of procuticl
A
Calcification
14
Q
It is the process where insects hardening occurs due to protein molecules bonded together with stabilizing cross-linkages within an between adjacent lamellae
A
Sclerotization
14
Q
During sclerotization, there is the formation of highly resistant and insoluble protein called
A
Sclerotin
14
Q
What type of layer does the Epidermis of verterate have?
A
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
15
Q
This is the true skin and it has a mesodermal origin
A
Dermis
16
Q
Fibrou proteins that accumulate the interior o the cell
A
Keratin
17
Q
The process where keratin accumulate the interior o the cell
A
Keratinization
18
Q
When keratin replaces all metabolically acive cutoplasm the cell becomes?
A
Cornified
19
Q
What does cornified cells forms
A
Stratum corneum
20
Q
The dermal layers becomes especially thick in areas exposed to persitent pressure or wear which eventually becomes______
A
Callus
21
Q
Connective tissu of dermis
A
Dense-connective tissue layer
22
Strongest material in the body in terms of keratin content
Hair
23
What produces the integument's color?
Pigment
24
It is fornmed when physical structure o the surfac tissu reflects certain light wavelegth and eliminates others
Structural color
25
What do you call the pigment cell
Chromatophore
26
What do you call the reflecting cells
Iridocytes
27
An extremely varied grouop of large molecules that reflect light rays
Pigments
28
What is the most widesprad animal pigments that a group of brown and black polymers responsible for various earthcolored shades
Melanin
29
Pigments cells of melanins
Melanophores / melanocytes
30
This are pigments causing yellow and red colors
Carotenoid
31
Carotenoid contains this special pigment cells
Xanthophores
32
Responsible for the yellow pigments of molluscs and arthropods.
Ommochrome and pteridine
33
Third type of chromatophore contains crystal of guanine or some other purine rather than pigment
Iridophores
34
Why are colors muted to some mammals?
Due to melanin
35
Are suportive system that provides rigidity to the body, surface for muscle attachment and protection for vulnerable body organs.
Skeletons
36
Invertebrates of many group uses their body fluid as?
Internal hydrostatic skeleton
37
Tiny bristles that anchors segments as worm moves
Septa
38
Elephant's trunk that lacks obviou form of skeletal support yet capable fo twisting, bending, elongating and twisting
Muscular hydrostat
39
They are incompressible tissue s that remain at a constant volume and depend on muscle arranement and pattern
Muscular Hydrostat
40
Jointed to which muscles can attach an provide the anchor point required by opposing sets of muscles
Rigid skeleton
41
Two principal type of rigid skeleton
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
42
Take the forms of a shell, spicule, calcareous, proteinacous, or chitinou plate. It is molted and doe not grow with the animals
Exoskeleton
43
Grows with the animals
Endoskeleton
44
Animals with exoskeleton
Molluscs, Arthropods, other inverebrate
45
Animals with endoskeleton
Echinoderms, vertebrates, some cnidarians
46
What is the vertebrate endoskeleton composed of?
Bone and cartilage
47
Bone is also a body reservoir for_________ and_________
Calcium and phosphorous
48
Is a semirigid supportive axial rod of protochordates and all vertebrate larvae and embryos
Notochord
49
It is a major skeletal element ofsome vertebrates. It is soft, pliable that resists compression
Cartilage
50
It is stiffening device, preserving body shape during locomotion.
Notochord
51
What are cartilage cells
Chondrocytes
52
The basic form of cartilage that is glassy in appearance
Hyaline Cartilage
53
Are blood vessels present in the cartilage?
No
54
Types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrous
55
This cartilage has predominantly elastic fibers
Elastic cartilage
56
This cartilage has numerous fiber bundles present arranged in herringbone pattern
Fibrous cartilage
57
Is a living tissue that differs from otr connective and supportiv tissues by having significant deposists of inoraganic calcium salts
Bone
58
Bone-resorbing cells
Osteoclasts
59
Bone-building cells
Osteoblasts
60
Does bone has blood?
Yes
61
What is th bon capable of when it is vascularized
Rapid healing and growth
61
Where does most bone develops?
Cartilage
62
What do you call the development of bone from th cartilage?
Endochondral / replacement bone
63
What do you call the development of bone Directly from sheet of embryonic cells?
Intramembranous bone
64
Is a boney structure derived from intramembranou ossification forming components of the vertebrate skleton
Dermal bone
65
Consists of an open interlacing framework of bony tissues
Spongy bone
66
Is a dense appearing to be solid to the unaided eye
Compact bone
67
In tetrapods vertebrate where are intramembranous strictly restricted
Face, cranium, clavicle
68
Is composed of calcified bone matrix arranged in concentric rings
Compact bone
69
Cavities between concentri ring of bones
Lacunae
70
Cells of bon
Osteocytes
71
Bone cells are interconnecte by many minute passages, allowing commnications between bone cells.
Canaliculi
72
Elongated cylinder where the entire organization of lacunae and canaliculi is arranged
Osteon/ Haversian system
73
This hormone stimulates bone resorption
Parathyroid hormone
74
This hormone inhibits bone resorption
Calcitonin
75
Hormone that are responsible for maintaining constant level of calcium in the blood
Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, Vitamin D3
76
Two divisions of vertebrat skeleton
Axial and appendicular
77
What does axial skeleton includes?
Skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
78
What does Appendicular skeleton includes?
Limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles
78
How many skull bones did early fishes hads
180 skull bones
79
How many skull bones in amphibians and lizards
50 - 95
80
81
How many skull bones in Mammals
35 or fewer
82
Is the main stiffening axis of thw postcranial skeleton
Vertebral column
82
How many skull bones in Humans
29
83
Instead of vertebral column what do fishes has that fuctions the same with the vertebral column
Notochord
84
5 differentiation of the vetebral column
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Caudal
85
What makes birds and human the same in terms of their caudal and sacral
Caudal is reduced
Sacral is fused
86
Number of vertebrae in human newborn
33
87
When humans become adult what happen to their vertebrae
5 fuses to become sacrum
4 fuses to become coccyx
87
How many bones are there in thoracic, cervical, and lumbar of humans
Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
88
What are the first two cervical vertebrae
Atlas and axis
89
the second vertebra, permits the
head to turn from side to side.
Axis
89
bears the globe of the head.
Atlas
90
are long or short skeletal structures that articulate medially with
vertebrae and into the body wall.
Ribs
91
In mammals, what does the ribs form together?
Thoracic basket
91
92
This supports the chest wall and m to prevent the lungs to collapse
Thoracic basket
92
How many ribs does sloths have?
24
93
How many ribs does horse have?
18
93
How many ribs does primate have?
13
94
How many ribs does humans have?
12
95
In nearly all tetrapods where is the pelvic girdle attached?
Axial skeleton
96
What part of the body has the greatest locomotory from that is transmitted to the body?
Hindlims
97
What is the relationship of bone, tendon, and muscle to the strength to the cross-sectional area
Proportional
98
What hav mammals adapte to let the stress shift to aligh with the long axis of the bones.
Limb posture
99
The animal movement depends on a single fundamental mechanism taht allo relaxation and contraction
Contractile proteins
100
What powers the contractile machinery to contract
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
101
What is the most important protein contractile system?
Actomyosin system
102
What are the two proteins responsible for muscle movement
Actin and myosin
103
Three principal kinds of animal movement
Ameboid,ciliary and flagellar, muscular
104
It is a form of movement especially characteristic of ameobas and other unicellular forms
Ameboid movement
105
is any organism or agent that can produce disease.
Pathogen
106
(false feet) that makes ameboid crawling.
pseudopodia
107
is the inner layer of the cytoplasm of amoeba. It is dense and contains many granules.
Endoplasm
108
refers to the outer portion of the ameoba
Ectoplasm
109
actin fiaments interact with myosin with the presence of?
Calcium ions
110
are minute, hairlike, motile processes that extend from surfaces of cells of many animals.
Cilia
111
Uniform diameter of cilia
0.2 um to 0.5 um
112
Electron microscopy reveals that each cilium has ______ that is structurally similar to a centriole
basal body
113
Each microtubule is composed of a spiral
array of protein subunits called ?
Tubulin
114
The microtubule doublets around the periphery are connected to each other and to the central pair of microtubules by a complex system of
Microtubule associated proteins
115
act as cross bridges between doublets, operate to produce a sliding force between microtubules.
Dyein
116
What describes the movement of the muscles when the body is in locomotion
Sliding filaments
117
A whiplike structure longer than a cilium and usually present singly or in small numbers at one end of a cell.
Flagella
117
Difference of flagella and cilia
beating pattern
118
Describe the beat of a flagellum
Symmetrical
118
Describe the beat of a cilia
Asymmetrical
119
Contractile tissue is most highly developed in muscle cells called
Fibers
119
Two muscles that appears transversely striated
Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
119
Third type of muscle that lacks the characteristic alternating bands of the striated type
Smooth muscle
119
What do you call the bundle that packs the skeletal muscles together
Fascicles
120
This muscle is responsible for movements of the trunk, appendages, respiratory organs, eyes, mouthparts, and other structures.
Skeletal muscle
120
are extremely long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells that usually reach from one end of the whole muscle to the other
Skeletal muscle fibers
121
What connects muscles to bones
tendons
121
Skeletal muscle is sometimes called ______________ because it is stimulated by motor neurons under conscious control
voluntary muscle
121
How many direction can muscle provide movement
one direction
121
The seemingly tireless muscle of the
vertebrate heart. It is fast-acting and contraction is under involuntary autonomic and hormonal control
Cardiac muscle
122
junctional complexes that joins to
each other end to end within vertical bar
Intercalated disc
123
lacks the striations typical of skeletal and
cardiac muscle, uninucleated. It is slow acting and can maintain prolonged contractions with very little energy expenditure.
Smooth muscle
124
Type of muscle found only in some invertebrate groups, such as nematodes, annelids, and mollusks.
Obliquely striated muscle
125
This muscle of molluscs allows rapid contraction, where the bivalve to snap shut its valves when disturbed.
Striated muscle
125
the range of invertebrate muscle types with two functional extremes
the specialized adductor muscles of
mollusks
the fast-flight muscles of insects.
125
Bivalve molluscan muscles contain fibers of two types
Striated muscle and smooth muscle
125
capable of slow, long-lasting contractions of bivalve
Smooth muscle
126
The contracted state has
been likened to a mechanism involving a low rate of cross-bridge cycling
Catch mechanism
127
Plasma membrane in muscles
Sarcolemma
127
is found in the sound-producing, or tymbal, muscles of some cicadas and in the wing muscles of several orders of insects
fibrillar muscle
128
a multinucleated tube containing many myofibrils
Fiber
129
long contractile fiber, groups of which run parallel to each other on the long axis of the myocytes
myofibrils
129
The functional unit of the myofibrils
Sarcomere
129
The myofibril contains two types
of filaments composing of:
Actin and myosin
129
is composed of many myosin molcules packed together in an elongate bundle
myosin filaments
130
act as binding sites for high-energy ATP
myosin heads
131
are composed of a backbone of a double
strand of the protein actin, twisted into a double helix.
Actin filaments
131
Two thin strands that lie near the
grooves between the actin strands.
tropomyosin
131
a complex of three globular proteins, is located at intervals along the actin filament. It also acts as a calcium-dependent switch that controls the contraction process.
Troponin
132
A motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates.
Motor unit
133
is the functional unit of
skeletal muscle control.
Motor unit
134
The place where a motor axon terminates on a muscle fiber
Neuromuscular junction
135
Tiny gap at the junction where it separates a nerve terminal and muscle fiber.
Synaptic cleft
135
Stored chemical of neurons
Acetylcholine
135
Where acetylcholine is stores
Synaptic vessels
136
What is an acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter
137
A special chemical bridge that couples together the electrical activities of nerve and muscle fibers.
Synapse
138
Numerous invaginations of the membrane that project into the muscle
fiber as a system of tubules
T-tubules
138
a system of that runs parallel to the actin and myosin filaments
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
139
What does sarcoplasmic reticulum stores?
Calcium
139
How does electrical depolarization of the sarcolemma and T-tubules activate the contractile machinery
Excitation-contraction coupling
139
Store within muscle can also supply glucose molecules for ATP production.
Glycogen
140
What do you call the cycle where Myosin heads bind to these sites, forming cross bridges between adjacent myosin and actin filaments.
Cross-bridge cycling
140
How is glycogen catabolized in the blood
Aerobic metabolism
141
muscles have an energy reserve in the form of
Creatine phosphate
141
are specialized for slow, sustained contractions without fatigue, are important in maintaining posture in terrestrial vertebrates.
Slow oxidative fibers
142
It is relatively abundant, it can be mobilized quickly, and it can provide energy during anaerobic, as well as aerobic, conditions.
Glycogen
142
Other term for fast glycolytic fibers
White muscle
143
rely almost exclusively on
anaerobic glycolysis to produce energy for contraction
Fast glycolitic fibers
143
is a high-energy phosphate compound that stores bond energy during periods of rest
Creatine Phosphate
143
During anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is degraded to_____ with release of energy
Lactic acid
144
What do you call with bone formation
ossification
145
causes depolarization of the muscle fiber membrane by binding to receptor sites and induces muscle contraction
Acetylcholine
146
is the immediate source of energy and is normally present at
constant levels
ATP
147
How many glycogen are there stored in muscles
3/4
148
Lack efficient blood supply, have low density of mitochondria and myoglobin
Fast glycolitic fibers
149
Usually pale in color and functions anaerobically
Fast glycolitic fibers
150
During chase, such muscles develops_________ in less than a minute
Oxygen debt
151
How many minutes should a cheetah rest?
30 - 40 min
152
What does the tendons store that makes it important for energy storage?
Elastic strain energy
153
Stretched by the combination io downwrad force of the body an the contraction of calf muscles.
Achilles tendon
154
What d you call the pribciple where a kangaroo uses the recoil energy in tendons to bounce
Bouncing ball principle
155
