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Zoology Midterms > Integumentary, Muscular and Skeletal > Flashcards

Integumentary, Muscular and Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Outer covering othe body

A

Integument

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2
Q

Structure derived from the skin

A

Hair
Setae
Scales
Feahers
Horns

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2
Q

Have only delicate cell or plasma membrane for covering

A

Unicellular eukaryotes

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3
Q

Single-celled freshwater animal that developed a protectiv pellicle

A

Paramecium

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4
Q

The principle single-layered covering in most invertebrates skin

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

A noncellular _____ is added over the epidermis by some invertebrates

A

Cuticle

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6
Q

Phylum platyhelminthes has this that is resistant to immune responses of host and to digestion by host enzymes

A

Synctial tegument

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7
Q

This epidermis is delicate and soft and contain mucuos gland , where some secretes calcium carbonate

A

Molluscs epidermis

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8
Q

It has an integument consisting from surafce in ward of cuticle, simple epidermis, layers of connective tissue, layers of reflectig cells, and thicker layers of connective tissue

A

Cephalopod molluscs

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9
Q

Have the most complex of invertebrate integuments

A

Arthropods

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10
Q

In arthropod, thi is a single-layered that secretes a complex cuticle of two zones

A

Hypodermis

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11
Q

In arthropods, this is the thicker zone composed of protein and chitin

A

Procuticle

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12
Q

In arthropods, this is the outer zone of cuticle lying on external surface abov procuticle. It is nonchitinous

A

Epicuticle

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13
Q

Thi is the process undergone when cuticle is stiffened, and ther is the deposition of calcium carbonate in the outer layers of procuticl

A

Calcification

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14
Q

It is the process where insects hardening occurs due to protein molecules bonded together with stabilizing cross-linkages within an between adjacent lamellae

A

Sclerotization

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14
Q

During sclerotization, there is the formation of highly resistant and insoluble protein called

A

Sclerotin

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14
Q

What type of layer does the Epidermis of verterate have?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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15
Q

This is the true skin and it has a mesodermal origin

A

Dermis

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16
Q

Fibrou proteins that accumulate the interior o the cell

A

Keratin

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17
Q

The process where keratin accumulate the interior o the cell

A

Keratinization

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18
Q

When keratin replaces all metabolically acive cutoplasm the cell becomes?

A

Cornified

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19
Q

What does cornified cells forms

A

Stratum corneum

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20
Q

The dermal layers becomes especially thick in areas exposed to persitent pressure or wear which eventually becomes______

A

Callus

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21
Q

Connective tissu of dermis

A

Dense-connective tissue layer

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22
Q

Strongest material in the body in terms of keratin content

A

Hair

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23
Q

What produces the integument’s color?

A

Pigment

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24
Q

It is fornmed when physical structure o the surfac tissu reflects certain light wavelegth and eliminates others

A

Structural color

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25
Q

What do you call the pigment cell

A

Chromatophore

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26
Q

What do you call the reflecting cells

A

Iridocytes

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27
Q

An extremely varied grouop of large molecules that reflect light rays

A

Pigments

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28
Q

What is the most widesprad animal pigments that a group of brown and black polymers responsible for various earthcolored shades

A

Melanin

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29
Q

Pigments cells of melanins

A

Melanophores / melanocytes

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30
Q

This are pigments causing yellow and red colors

A

Carotenoid

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31
Q

Carotenoid contains this special pigment cells

A

Xanthophores

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32
Q

Responsible for the yellow pigments of molluscs and arthropods.

A

Ommochrome and pteridine

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33
Q

Third type of chromatophore contains crystal of guanine or some other purine rather than pigment

A

Iridophores

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34
Q

Why are colors muted to some mammals?

A

Due to melanin

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35
Q

Are suportive system that provides rigidity to the body, surface for muscle attachment and protection for vulnerable body organs.

A

Skeletons

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36
Q

Invertebrates of many group uses their body fluid as?

A

Internal hydrostatic skeleton

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37
Q

Tiny bristles that anchors segments as worm moves

A

Septa

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38
Q

Elephant’s trunk that lacks obviou form of skeletal support yet capable fo twisting, bending, elongating and twisting

A

Muscular hydrostat

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39
Q

They are incompressible tissue s that remain at a constant volume and depend on muscle arranement and pattern

A

Muscular Hydrostat

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40
Q

Jointed to which muscles can attach an provide the anchor point required by opposing sets of muscles

A

Rigid skeleton

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41
Q

Two principal type of rigid skeleton

A

Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton

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42
Q

Take the forms of a shell, spicule, calcareous, proteinacous, or chitinou plate. It is molted and doe not grow with the animals

A

Exoskeleton

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43
Q

Grows with the animals

A

Endoskeleton

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44
Q

Animals with exoskeleton

A

Molluscs, Arthropods, other inverebrate

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45
Q

Animals with endoskeleton

A

Echinoderms, vertebrates, some cnidarians

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46
Q

What is the vertebrate endoskeleton composed of?

A

Bone and cartilage

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47
Q

Bone is also a body reservoir for_________ and_________

A

Calcium and phosphorous

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48
Q

Is a semirigid supportive axial rod of protochordates and all vertebrate larvae and embryos

A

Notochord

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49
Q

It is a major skeletal element ofsome vertebrates. It is soft, pliable that resists compression

A

Cartilage

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50
Q

It is stiffening device, preserving body shape during locomotion.

A

Notochord

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51
Q

What are cartilage cells

A

Chondrocytes

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52
Q

The basic form of cartilage that is glassy in appearance

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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53
Q

Are blood vessels present in the cartilage?

A

No

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54
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrous

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55
Q

This cartilage has predominantly elastic fibers

A

Elastic cartilage

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56
Q

This cartilage has numerous fiber bundles present arranged in herringbone pattern

A

Fibrous cartilage

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57
Q

Is a living tissue that differs from otr connective and supportiv tissues by having significant deposists of inoraganic calcium salts

A

Bone

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58
Q

Bone-resorbing cells

A

Osteoclasts

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59
Q

Bone-building cells

A

Osteoblasts

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60
Q

Does bone has blood?

A

Yes

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61
Q

What is th bon capable of when it is vascularized

A

Rapid healing and growth

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61
Q

Where does most bone develops?

A

Cartilage

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62
Q

What do you call the development of bone from th cartilage?

A

Endochondral / replacement bone

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63
Q

What do you call the development of bone Directly from sheet of embryonic cells?

A

Intramembranous bone

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64
Q

Is a boney structure derived from intramembranou ossification forming components of the vertebrate skleton

A

Dermal bone

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65
Q

Consists of an open interlacing framework of bony tissues

A

Spongy bone

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66
Q

Is a dense appearing to be solid to the unaided eye

A

Compact bone

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67
Q

In tetrapods vertebrate where are intramembranous strictly restricted

A

Face, cranium, clavicle

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68
Q

Is composed of calcified bone matrix arranged in concentric rings

A

Compact bone

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69
Q

Cavities between concentri ring of bones

A

Lacunae

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70
Q

Cells of bon

A

Osteocytes

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71
Q

Bone cells are interconnecte by many minute passages, allowing commnications between bone cells.

A

Canaliculi

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72
Q

Elongated cylinder where the entire organization of lacunae and canaliculi is arranged

A

Osteon/ Haversian system

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73
Q

This hormone stimulates bone resorption

A

Parathyroid hormone

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74
Q

This hormone inhibits bone resorption

A

Calcitonin

75
Q

Hormone that are responsible for maintaining constant level of calcium in the blood

A

Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, Vitamin D3

76
Q

Two divisions of vertebrat skeleton

A

Axial and appendicular

77
Q

What does axial skeleton includes?

A

Skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

78
Q

What does Appendicular skeleton includes?

A

Limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles

78
Q

How many skull bones did early fishes hads

A

180 skull bones

79
Q

How many skull bones in amphibians and lizards

A

50 - 95

80
Q
A
81
Q

How many skull bones in Mammals

A

35 or fewer

82
Q

Is the main stiffening axis of thw postcranial skeleton

A

Vertebral column

82
Q

How many skull bones in Humans

A

29

83
Q

Instead of vertebral column what do fishes has that fuctions the same with the vertebral column

A

Notochord

84
Q

5 differentiation of the vetebral column

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Caudal

85
Q

What makes birds and human the same in terms of their caudal and sacral

A

Caudal is reduced
Sacral is fused

86
Q

Number of vertebrae in human newborn

A

33

87
Q

When humans become adult what happen to their vertebrae

A

5 fuses to become sacrum
4 fuses to become coccyx

87
Q

How many bones are there in thoracic, cervical, and lumbar of humans

A

Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5

88
Q

What are the first two cervical vertebrae

A

Atlas and axis

89
Q

the second vertebra, permits the
head to turn from side to side.

A

Axis

89
Q

bears the globe of the head.

A

Atlas

90
Q

are long or short skeletal structures that articulate medially with
vertebrae and into the body wall.

A

Ribs

91
Q

In mammals, what does the ribs form together?

A

Thoracic basket

91
Q
A
92
Q

This supports the chest wall and m to prevent the lungs to collapse

A

Thoracic basket

92
Q

How many ribs does sloths have?

A

24

93
Q

How many ribs does horse have?

A

18

93
Q

How many ribs does primate have?

A

13

94
Q

How many ribs does humans have?

A

12

95
Q

In nearly all tetrapods where is the pelvic girdle attached?

A

Axial skeleton

96
Q

What part of the body has the greatest locomotory from that is transmitted to the body?

A

Hindlims

97
Q

What is the relationship of bone, tendon, and muscle to the strength to the cross-sectional area

A

Proportional

98
Q

What hav mammals adapte to let the stress shift to aligh with the long axis of the bones.

A

Limb posture

99
Q

The animal movement depends on a single fundamental mechanism taht allo relaxation and contraction

A

Contractile proteins

100
Q

What powers the contractile machinery to contract

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

101
Q

What is the most important protein contractile system?

A

Actomyosin system

102
Q

What are the two proteins responsible for muscle movement

A

Actin and myosin

103
Q

Three principal kinds of animal movement

A

Ameboid,ciliary and flagellar, muscular

104
Q

It is a form of movement especially characteristic of ameobas and other unicellular forms

A

Ameboid movement

105
Q

is any organism or agent that can produce disease.

A

Pathogen

106
Q

(false feet) that makes ameboid crawling.

A

pseudopodia

107
Q

is the inner layer of the cytoplasm of amoeba. It is dense and contains many granules.

A

Endoplasm

108
Q

refers to the outer portion of the ameoba

A

Ectoplasm

109
Q

actin fiaments interact with myosin with the presence of?

A

Calcium ions

110
Q

are minute, hairlike, motile processes that extend from surfaces of cells of many animals.

A

Cilia

111
Q

Uniform diameter of cilia

A

0.2 um to 0.5 um

112
Q

Electron microscopy reveals that each cilium has ______ that is structurally similar to a centriole

A

basal body

113
Q

Each microtubule is composed of a spiral
array of protein subunits called ?

A

Tubulin

114
Q

The microtubule doublets around the periphery are connected to each other and to the central pair of microtubules by a complex system of

A

Microtubule associated proteins

115
Q

act as cross bridges between doublets, operate to produce a sliding force between microtubules.

A

Dyein

116
Q

What describes the movement of the muscles when the body is in locomotion

A

Sliding filaments

117
Q

A whiplike structure longer than a cilium and usually present singly or in small numbers at one end of a cell.

A

Flagella

117
Q

Difference of flagella and cilia

A

beating pattern

118
Q

Describe the beat of a flagellum

A

Symmetrical

118
Q

Describe the beat of a cilia

A

Asymmetrical

119
Q

Contractile tissue is most highly developed in muscle cells called

A

Fibers

119
Q

Two muscles that appears transversely striated

A

Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

119
Q

Third type of muscle that lacks the characteristic alternating bands of the striated type

A

Smooth muscle

119
Q

What do you call the bundle that packs the skeletal muscles together

A

Fascicles

120
Q

This muscle is responsible for movements of the trunk, appendages, respiratory organs, eyes, mouthparts, and other structures.

A

Skeletal muscle

120
Q

are extremely long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells that usually reach from one end of the whole muscle to the other

A

Skeletal muscle fibers

121
Q

What connects muscles to bones

A

tendons

121
Q

Skeletal muscle is sometimes called ______________ because it is stimulated by motor neurons under conscious control

A

voluntary muscle

121
Q

How many direction can muscle provide movement

A

one direction

121
Q

The seemingly tireless muscle of the
vertebrate heart. It is fast-acting and contraction is under involuntary autonomic and hormonal control

A

Cardiac muscle

122
Q

junctional complexes that joins to
each other end to end within vertical bar

A

Intercalated disc

123
Q

lacks the striations typical of skeletal and
cardiac muscle, uninucleated. It is slow acting and can maintain prolonged contractions with very little energy expenditure.

A

Smooth muscle

124
Q

Type of muscle found only in some invertebrate groups, such as nematodes, annelids, and mollusks.

A

Obliquely striated muscle

125
Q

This muscle of molluscs allows rapid contraction, where the bivalve to snap shut its valves when disturbed.

A

Striated muscle

125
Q

the range of invertebrate muscle types with two functional extremes

A

the specialized adductor muscles of
mollusks
the fast-flight muscles of insects.

125
Q

Bivalve molluscan muscles contain fibers of two types

A

Striated muscle and smooth muscle

125
Q

capable of slow, long-lasting contractions of bivalve

A

Smooth muscle

126
Q

The contracted state has
been likened to a mechanism involving a low rate of cross-bridge cycling

A

Catch mechanism

127
Q

Plasma membrane in muscles

A

Sarcolemma

127
Q

is found in the sound-producing, or tymbal, muscles of some cicadas and in the wing muscles of several orders of insects

A

fibrillar muscle

128
Q

a multinucleated tube containing many myofibrils

A

Fiber

129
Q

long contractile fiber, groups of which run parallel to each other on the long axis of the myocytes

A

myofibrils

129
Q

The functional unit of the myofibrils

A

Sarcomere

129
Q

The myofibril contains two types
of filaments composing of:

A

Actin and myosin

129
Q

is composed of many myosin molcules packed together in an elongate bundle

A

myosin filaments

130
Q

act as binding sites for high-energy ATP

A

myosin heads

131
Q

are composed of a backbone of a double
strand of the protein actin, twisted into a double helix.

A

Actin filaments

131
Q

Two thin strands that lie near the
grooves between the actin strands.

A

tropomyosin

131
Q

a complex of three globular proteins, is located at intervals along the actin filament. It also acts as a calcium-dependent switch that controls the contraction process.

A

Troponin

132
Q

A motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates.

A

Motor unit

133
Q

is the functional unit of
skeletal muscle control.

A

Motor unit

134
Q

The place where a motor axon terminates on a muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

135
Q

Tiny gap at the junction where it separates a nerve terminal and muscle fiber.

A

Synaptic cleft

135
Q

Stored chemical of neurons

A

Acetylcholine

135
Q

Where acetylcholine is stores

A

Synaptic vessels

136
Q

What is an acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter

137
Q

A special chemical bridge that couples together the electrical activities of nerve and muscle fibers.

A

Synapse

138
Q

Numerous invaginations of the membrane that project into the muscle
fiber as a system of tubules

A

T-tubules

138
Q

a system of that runs parallel to the actin and myosin filaments

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

139
Q

What does sarcoplasmic reticulum stores?

A

Calcium

139
Q

How does electrical depolarization of the sarcolemma and T-tubules activate the contractile machinery

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

139
Q

Store within muscle can also supply glucose molecules for ATP production.

A

Glycogen

140
Q

What do you call the cycle where Myosin heads bind to these sites, forming cross bridges between adjacent myosin and actin filaments.

A

Cross-bridge cycling

140
Q

How is glycogen catabolized in the blood

A

Aerobic metabolism

141
Q

muscles have an energy reserve in the form of

A

Creatine phosphate

141
Q

are specialized for slow, sustained contractions without fatigue, are important in maintaining posture in terrestrial vertebrates.

A

Slow oxidative fibers

142
Q

It is relatively abundant, it can be mobilized quickly, and it can provide energy during anaerobic, as well as aerobic, conditions.

A

Glycogen

142
Q

Other term for fast glycolytic fibers

A

White muscle

143
Q

rely almost exclusively on
anaerobic glycolysis to produce energy for contraction

A

Fast glycolitic fibers

143
Q

is a high-energy phosphate compound that stores bond energy during periods of rest

A

Creatine Phosphate

143
Q

During anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is degraded to_____ with release of energy

A

Lactic acid

144
Q

What do you call with bone formation

A

ossification

145
Q

causes depolarization of the muscle fiber membrane by binding to receptor sites and induces muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine

146
Q

is the immediate source of energy and is normally present at
constant levels

A

ATP

147
Q

How many glycogen are there stored in muscles

A

3/4

148
Q

Lack efficient blood supply, have low density of mitochondria and myoglobin

A

Fast glycolitic fibers

149
Q

Usually pale in color and functions anaerobically

A

Fast glycolitic fibers

150
Q

During chase, such muscles develops_________ in less than a minute

A

Oxygen debt

151
Q

How many minutes should a cheetah rest?

A

30 - 40 min

152
Q

What does the tendons store that makes it important for energy storage?

A

Elastic strain energy

153
Q

Stretched by the combination io downwrad force of the body an the contraction of calf muscles.

A

Achilles tendon

154
Q

What d you call the pribciple where a kangaroo uses the recoil energy in tendons to bounce

A

Bouncing ball principle

155
Q
A

Zoology Midterms (7 decks)

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