Internal Cell Endospores

Question 1

what is the cytoplasm of bacteria made up of?

Answer 1

• 70% water, 30% enzymes, salt, lipids, nucleic acids, etc.
• no lipid bilayer-bound organelles
• nucleoid,ribosomes, plasmids, inclusion bodies

Question 2

what are inclusion bodies?

Answer 2

• granules, crystals, or globules
• some are free in the cytoplasm, some are enclosed by a single layer membrane
• some made of proteins, others of phospholipids and proteins together
• help us characterize bacteria

Question 3

what are inclusion bodies used for?

Answer 3

storing things that the cell needs in order to survive

Question 4

glycogen granules

Answer 4

• organic inclusion bodies
• required for bacteria to store carbon

Question 5

cyanophycin granules

Answer 5

• organic inclusion bodies
• allow for storage of amino acids (can pull nitrogen out of amino acids to be stored/used)

Question 6

carboxysomes

Answer 6

• organic inclusion bodies
• store enzymes that the cell needs to fix CO2… cell releases O2 when CO2 is utilized

Question 7

gas vacuoles

Answer 7

• organic inclusion bodies
• aid in movement up and down by trapping gas from the atmosphere to float or collapsing to sink

Question 8

polyphosphate granules

Answer 8

• inorganic inclusion bodies
• store phosphate needed for DNA, ATP, bilayer, etc.

Question 9

magnetasomes

Answer 9

• inorganic inclusion bodies
• store iron, which also allows for movement so bacteria can stay where the food is

Question 10

list the organic inclusion bodies

Answer 10

• glycogen granules
• cyanophycin granules
• carboxysomes
• gas vacuoles

Question 11

list the inorganic inclusion bodies

Answer 11

• polyphosphate granules
• magnetasomes

Question 12

ribosomes

Answer 12

• function: synthesize proteins
• in eukaryotes, mostly found on rough er
• free floating in prokaryotes

Question 13

ribosomal subunits in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 13

eukaryotes: 80S with 60S and 40S subunits
prokaryotes: 70S with 50S and 30S subunits

Question 14

endosymbiont theory

Answer 14

eukaryotes actually have 80S ribosomes and 70S ribosomes (the 70S are in the mitochondria and chloroplasts, which were formerly bacteria!)

Question 15

nucleoid

Answer 15

• region where chromosome resides
• 1 circular, double-stranded DNA chromosome
• in prokaryotes, DNA is wrapped around condensin proteins instead of histones

Question 16

plasmids

Answer 16

• small, circular pieces of double-stranded DNA
• can either integrate into chromosome or replicate independently
• not required for host growth and reproduction, but may give advantage to bacteria that have them

Question 17

sporangium

Answer 17

• vegetative cell with a spore inside of it, resistant to heat, chemicals, starvation, UV light, dehydration, etc.
• can be viable for hundreds of years
• metabolically inactive, so little to no production of energy, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.

Question 18

what makes a spore heat resistant?

Answer 18

• calcium dipicolinic acid stabilization of DNA
• core dehydration makes makes the DNA resistant to dehydration

Question 19

how does gram stain relate to spore-formers?

Answer 19

most spore-formers are gram positive (clostridium and bacillus are some important spore-formers)

Question 20

central spore

Answer 20

right in the middle of the cell

Question 21

terminal spore

Answer 21

right at the edge of the cell

Question 22

subterminal spore

Answer 22

near the edge of the cell, can still see some of the cell on either side

Question 23

terminal with swollen sporangium

Answer 23

spore is leaving cell, looks swollen

Question 24

describe the dehydrated core of a spore

Answer 24

• 15% calcium dipicolinic acid, which stabilizes DNA
• has ribosomes and nucleic acids
• core is surrounded by a thick layer of ppg called the cortex, as well as many layers of spore coats made of proteins

Question 25

quick facts about the sporulation process

Answer 25

• occurs due to lack of food
• 7 steps
• takes about 10 hours, so relatively quick