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MIP 300 > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

major functions of the immune system

A
  • composed of cells, tissues, and organs that recognize foreign substances
  • distinguishes between “self” and “non-self”
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2
Q

antigen

A

self and non-self substances that elicit an immune response (also called immunogens

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3
Q

two branches of the immune response

A

innate immunity (nonspecific) and acquired (specific)

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4
Q

6 aspects of innate immunity

A
  1. physical barriers
  2. chemical barriers
  3. molecular defenses
  4. cellular defenses
  5. inflammation
  6. fever
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5
Q

discuss the role of the skin in innate immunity

A
  • an innate physical barrier
  • slightly acidic and salty
  • microbe responds by making enzymes and chemicals to invade the skin
  • any damage to skin can weaken defense
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6
Q

list examples of microbes overcoming the skin barrier

A
  • bacterial: flesh eating strep
  • fungal: ringworm
  • protozoal: leishmaniasis
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7
Q

discuss the role of mucous membranes in innate immunity

A
  • architecture of columnar cells form a protective barrier that inhibits penetration of microbes
  • mucous is thick, gel-like, traps microbes, and prevents adhesion
  • microbe’s response is to resist or digest mucous
  • smoking (kills cilia), asthma, and CF can weaken mucous defense
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8
Q

list examples of microbes resisting/digesting mucus

A
  • bacterial: cholera
  • protozoal: giardia
  • viral: influenza
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9
Q

mucociliary escalator

A
  • ciliated cells and mucus trap and propel microbes away from lungs and into the throat
  • coughing/sneezing expels microbes
  • this is part of the respiratory tract in innate immunity
  • microbes respond by inhibiting cilia action
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10
Q

examples of microbes that inhibit cilia action in the respiratory tract

A

bacterial: bordetalla pertussis (whooping cough)
viral: influenza, measles

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11
Q

discuss the role of the GI tract in innate immunity

A

peristalsis: smooth muscle contractions that propel microbes and food out
- saliva: washes away microbes, contains lysozyme (anti-microbial)
- microbes respond by resisting saliva and possessing strong adhesions, capsules, and slime layers
- stomach acid: most microbes aren’t acidophiles and therefore die in the stomach (except pH-resistant ones!)

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12
Q

discuss the role of the genitourinary tract in innate immunity

A
  • urinary flushing
  • cervical mucus and prostatic fluid contain antimicrobial enzymes (lysozyme, lactoferrin)
  • vagina is acidic, so microbes don’t do well in that environment
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13
Q

what does lactoferrin do?

A
  • found in cervical mucus and prostatic fluid, also in tears
  • sequesters iron away from microbes (iron plays a pivotal role in the ETC, so microbes need it)
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14
Q

discuss the role of the eye in innate immunity

A
  • continuously flushed with lacrimal fluid (tears), which contain lysozyme and lactoferrin
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15
Q

list the innate chemical barriers

A
  • sweat: high in salt, inhibits growth, also contains lactoferrin and lysozymes
  • antimicrobial enzymes: lysozyme in seat, tears, mucus, blood, lymph
  • antimicrobial peptides (defensins: punch holes in bacterial membranes, found in skin) (lactoferrin and transferrin: in saliva, mucus, tears, milk) (bacteriocin: made by our normal flora, not us, helps protect us and normal flora, acts like defensins)
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16
Q

what is complement?

A
  • collection of 20 proteins (C1-C9), which form a cascade, meaning each one activates the next
  • made in the liver and circulate in the plasma in inactivated form
17
Q

main functions of complement

A
  • opsonization: promotes phagocytosis, some complements bind to viruses and bacteria so they can be better taken up by macrophages and cleared. macrophages have complement receptors
  • direct lysis of bacteria and enveloped viruses: MAC (membrane attack complex) - C9 polymerizes and inserts into membrane
  • inflammation: some of the components are involved in the inflammation process
    4. complement fixation: involves antibody binding
18
Q

what are cytokines?

A
  • cytokine = broad term
  • type I interferons are cytokines and have anti-viral infection
  • viral infection activates interferon synthesis and release, and then they will bind to special IFN (interferon) receptors on other cells. this will signal to the cells to synthesize antiviral proteins to prepare for when the virus tries to infect them
19
Q

list innate cellular defenses

A
  • blood: plasma and “formed elements” (platelets and cells)
  • cells in the blood: rbc’s and wbc’s
  • white blood cells: granulocytes and agranulocytes
20
Q

list the types of granulocytes

A
  • contain toxic molecules!
  • neutrophils: phagocytose, contain hydrolytic enzymes
  • eosinophils: fight parasites, allergies
  • basophils: vasoactive mediator (release histamine), allergies
  • mast cells: vasoactive mediator (release histamine), allergies
21
Q

list the types of agranulocytes

A
  • do not contain toxic molecules
  • natural killer cells (NK): kill infected cells and tumor cells
  • monocytes/macrophages: present antigen to T cells
    dendritic cells: present antigen to T cells
  • lymphocytes: specific immunity!
  • T and B cells: specific immunity!
22
Q

phagocytosis

A

phagocytes eat or engulf other cells or materials

23
Q

cells involved in phagocytosis

A
  • macrophages (called monocytes when in blood): resident in specific tissues, stand guard at entry portals and wounds
  • dendritic cells: present in skin and mucosa
  • neutrophils: circulate in blood, first responders
24
Q

describe the 4 steps of the inflammatory process

A
  1. tissue injury and bacteria introduced
  2. chemical mediators (histamine) released by mast cells and tissue cells activate vascular endothelium. this results in increased vascular permeability (fluid and wbc’s leave vascular compartment), increased vasodilation (blood slows), and increase in “sticky” adhesion molecules
  3. neutrophils roll and stop (margination) at the edge of vessels
  4. extravasation: neutrophils squeeze between cellular junctions (squeezing is called diapedesis) to get to affected area
25
Q

describe how a fever develops

A
  • hypothalamus controls body temp
  • pyrogens: substances that cause fever
  • exogenous pyrogens: LPS, exotoxins
  • endogenous pyrogens: macrophages release IL-1 (from our own cells)
26
Q

4 major benefits of fever

A
  1. slows growth rate of microbes
  2. inactivates some bacterial toxins
  3. increases immune activity
  4. forces person to feel ill so he/she rests to allow energy to be used to fight disease

MIP 300 (20 decks)

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