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MIP 300 > Epidemiology and Vaccines > Flashcards

Epidemiology and Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

types of acquired immunity

A
  • natural: through normal life experiences
  • artificial: produces purposefully through medical procedures (aka immunizations)
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2
Q

types of natural immunity

A
  • active immunity: consequence of a person developing his/her own immune response to a microbe
  • passive immunity: consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person (maternal antibody, so no memory!!)
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3
Q

types of artificial immunity:

A
  • active immunity: consequence of a person developing his/her own response to a microbe (in a vaccine)
  • passive immunity: consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person (IgG therapy - no memory b/c someone else’s immune system does the work. this is a shot given when condition is so severe that there is no time to wait for person to develop own response)
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4
Q

natural acquired

A

from infection only! and do get memory

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5
Q

natural passive:

A
  • from mother through placenta, milk
  • lasts weeks to months, no memory
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6
Q

how to diagnose HIV in infants

A
  • PCR is best, looks for viral DNA in cells
  • do not use ELISA because it looks for antibodies against the virus - babies will have their mother’s antibodies still, so test will be positive even if there is no virus in the baby
  • ELISA is the best way to do it in adults
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7
Q

artificial active

A
  • from vaccine
  • yes memory
  • lasts few years to a lifetime depending on the type of vaccine and how strong an immune response the vaccine induces
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8
Q

artificial passive

A
  • from gamma-globulin shots, antiserum (antibodies against microbe), or antitoxin (antibodies against toxin)
  • lasts a few weeks, so no memory
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9
Q

killed organism vaccine

A
  • still cause a primary immune response
  • can have whole dead organism: pertussis, polio
  • or can have subunit of dead organism: streptococcus pneumonia, or capsule (external part of organism)
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10
Q

attenuated organism vaccine

A
  • live organism but no longer pathogenic
  • still cause a primary immune response
  • ex: TB, measles, smallpox
  • potential for organism to revert to pathogenic form!!
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11
Q

recombinant proteins vaccine

A
  • genetically engineered proteins: cloned proteins from the antigen to which the host will have an immune response
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12
Q

recombinant DNA vaccine

A

inject with plasmids that express antigens in host tissues - then host will make antibodies to these antigens

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13
Q

which vaccines give the longest lasting immunity?

A

attenuated - but there is a risk of infection if the organism reverts to pathogenic form!!

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14
Q

epidemiology

A

study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations

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15
Q

outbreak

A

sudden occurrence higher than expected in a small group

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16
Q

endemic disease

A

steady frequency (often low level) in a population (ex: herpes, HIV)

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17
Q

epidemic

A

occurrence higher than expected

18
Q

index case

A

first person to contract disease (in epidemic?)

19
Q

pandemic

A

occurrence higher than expected worldwide

20
Q

nosocomial infection

A

illnesses associated with hospitalization

21
Q

zoonoses

A

animal disease transmitted to humans
- ex: giardia, plague, rabies, salmonella (salmonella is normal flora in birds and reptiles!)

22
Q

morbidity rate

A

% of individuals in a population that become ill

23
Q

mortality rate

A

% of individuals in a population who die

24
Q

some factors affecting epidemics

A
  • source of infection
  • route of pathogen transmission
  • susceptibility of population
  • microbe’s ability to change its antigens (ex: flu continually mutates)
  • size and mobility of population
  • virulence and pathogenicity of the microbe
25
Q

sources of infection

A
  • reservoir
  • vectors
  • carrier
26
Q

reservoir

A

natural environment of pathogen from which infection occurs (can be from an animal or person, or food/water, etc.)

27
Q

vectors

A

organisms like insects and animals that spread disease from one host to another (ex: mosquito or animal bite)
specifically non-human
(same thing as a carrier!)

28
Q

carrier

A

infected individual, source of infection for others
specifically human
(same thing as a vector!)

29
Q

active carrier

A

someone who is sick, has lots of microbes

30
Q

convalescent carrier

A

getting better, has lots of microbes

31
Q

healthy carrier

A

not sick at all, but has lots of microbes

32
Q

incubatory/prodromal carrier

A

getting sick, has lots of microbes

33
Q

casual, acute, transient carrier

A

only a carrier for a short time (weeks)

34
Q

chronic carrier

A

carry for years or life

35
Q

routes of pathogen transmission

A
  • airborne
  • contact
  • vectors
36
Q

airborne transmission

A

respiratory droplets or dust

37
Q

contact transmission

A

direct or indirect (fomites, H2O, food)

38
Q

types of rector transmission

A

active biological (only one we need to know): infected vector bites host, regurgitates while feeding on host, or defecates while feeding on host

39
Q

herd immunity

A

resistance of a population to infection due to immunity (from infection or vaccines)

40
Q

antigenetic drift

A
  • small changes in antigens (mutations)
  • decreases herd immunity b/c memory response won’t apply to the mutant
  • ex: influenza can mutate antigen
41
Q

antigenetic shift

A
  • large mutations in antigens
  • decreases herd immunity b/c memory response wont’ apply to the mutant
  • ex: combo of 2 virus (strains) genomes, creates an entirely new virus that the body has never seen any part of before. primary immune response must happen all over again

MIP 300 (20 decks)

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