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Neuroanatomy > Internal Anatomy > Flashcards

Internal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where do controlling signals ariving from motor and visceral systems come from?

A

Forebrain

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2
Q

Cognitive deficits signal what pathology?

A

Cortical

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3
Q

Which are the three subcortical nuclei?

A

Basal Ganglia (including substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus) and Globus Pallidus: (Caudate putamen- striatum )

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4
Q

Diseases of the Basal ganglia

A

Akinesia (difficulty in initaiting movement)
Rigidity: (abnormalities of muscle tone)
Tremor/Chorea/Ballism (involuntary muscle movements)
Some Cognitive Functions

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5
Q

Subcortical nucleus involved in controlling emotional behavior

A

Amygdala of Limbic System

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6
Q

Limbic System

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Medial and Orbital prefrontal gyri of cerebral cortex
Ventral Basal Ganglia
Hippocampus (not diretly involved in emotion)
Thalamus parts

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7
Q

Portions of the limbic system interact with what areas of brainstem and brain?

A

Autonomic and Hypothalamus

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8
Q

The anterior horn of the lateral ventricles lies in what lobe?

A

frontal

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9
Q

The posterior horn of the lateral ventricles lies in what lobe?

A

occipital

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10
Q

The inferior horn of the lateral ventricles lies in what lobe?

A

temporal

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11
Q

How do the lateral ventricles communicate with the third?

A

Foramen of Monro aka interventricular foramen

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12
Q

3rd ventricle to 4th via?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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13
Q

What is the ventricular roof?

A

the dorssal surfcace of th elateral ventricles wehre the fibers of the corpus callosum form the roof

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14
Q

the head of the caudate nucleus is associated with what?

A

the floor of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle

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15
Q

hippocampus is associated with what surface of the ventricur system?

A

ventral medial surface of the inferior horn is produced by…

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16
Q

The hole piercing the third ventricle is made by

A

the Mass Intermedia aka Thalamic Adhesion which extends to the bottom of the brain where it is surrounded by the hypothalamus

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17
Q

What portion of the lateral horn is associated with the calcarine sulcus?

A

Medial surface of thePosterior horn

18
Q

Wwhat is the anatomical relation between the tectum and the tegmentum?

A

Tectum is dorsal to the aqueduct and the tegmentum lies below it

19
Q

What is the roof of the fourth ventricle?

A

cerebellum

20
Q

What is the floor of the 4th ventricle formed by?

A

continuation of the tegmentum into the pons region

21
Q

What does the BBB protect the CNS from, maintaining a stable environment for neurons to funciton effectively?

A
  • severe fluctuations in ionic concentrations
  • exlude toxic compuounds
  • protect from circulating hormones and neurotransmitters released in other parts of body
22
Q

BBB capillary endothelium is specialized by having:

A
  • tight junctions beetween capillary endothlial cells
  • few endocytotic vesicles for intracellular transport
  • high mitochondria number indicative of high levels of oxidative metabolism
23
Q

How is selective entry into brain achieved?

A
  • diffusion of lipid-soluble substances related generally to oil/water partition coefficient (ex. O2 and CO2 gases)
  • Facilitative and E-dependent transport of specific water soluble substances (ex. glucose and aa)
  • Ion channels
24
Q

What is the reverse pump?

A

intracellular transporters within astroglia (capillary encasing processes)that move lipophilic molecules from brain into blood (ex. gly, glu- preventing accumulation of the neurotransmitters in brain)

25
Q

How are Myelin-reacctibe lymphocytes of MS and HIV infected macrophage migrate across BBB?

A

Tight junctions

26
Q

What areas of brain don’et have BBB?

A

Those part of circutiry for regulating flux (ex. postrema of 4th ventricle -detects poiosions and initiate vomiting reflex)

27
Q

What can break down BBB>

A

Bacterial invasion, Tumor, Ischemia (most common)

28
Q

How does ischemia break down BBB?

A

damages Na and K pumps leading to ionic influx causing the cell to fill with water- edema- and increased intracranial pressure; untreated ultimate coma and death

29
Q

What fluids in brain provide homeostasis?

A

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) and brain extracellular fluid in steady state

30
Q

What does CSF do for brain?

A
  • provide bouyancy
  • mechanical cushion role
  • drain unwanted substances from the brain= lymphatic system
31
Q

What is total volume of CSF? rate of formation?

A

140 ml and 500ml per day (3 or 4 X/day turnover)

32
Q

Role of the choroid plexus…

A

to secrete CSF

33
Q

What epithelium surrounds choroid plexus? its function?

A

cuboidal or columnar (epithelial cells from a barrier responsible for carrier-mediated active transport allowing CSF producton and active transport of metabolites out of the CNS into blood)

34
Q

CSF color

A

clear with no RBCs and few WBCs if any

35
Q

Where is choroid plexus found?

A

Floor of the inferior horn and body of the lateral ventricle
Roof of third ventricle
inferior part of the roof of fourth ventricle

36
Q

how does CSF exit?

A

the fourth ventricle via Foramen of Magendie and Foramina of Luschka

37
Q

Where is the weidest extent of Foramina of Luschka?

A

cranial nerve 8 lies, adjacent to flocculus

38
Q

After Foramen of Luschka, CSF flows over the whole brain and SC and is absorbed where

A

subarachnoid space to arachnoid villi in the walls of the dural sinuses where it is absorbeed

39
Q

Obstructive or non-communicating hydrocephalus occurs most frequently here

A

where the ventiruclar system narrows: interventricular foramen, cerebral aqueduct, or outlet of 4th ventricle

40
Q

No blockage of ventricular flow indicates what type of hydrocephalus?

A

Communicating- arachnoid villie are diseased and asoprtion fails

Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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