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Neuroanatomy > External Anatomy > Flashcards

External Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Assuming a single lesion, what do symptoms (facial weakness) in the head rule out? rule in? (options: peripheral, spinal cord, brain)

A

Spinal cord. Moves diagnosis to pons

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2
Q

Assuming a single lesion, increased tone pathology usually rules out? (options: peripheral, spinal cord, brain)

A

Strictly peripheral

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3
Q

If in the brain, assuming a single lesion, which direction do you shift diagnosis to accommodate additional reported symptoms?

A

rostrally not caudally

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4
Q

Symptoms: sudden

Choose 1 Diagnosis: Stroke, Tumor or disease

A

Stroke except if caused by obvious trauma

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5
Q

Two types of Stroke include:

A

hemorrhagic and ischemic

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6
Q

Symptoms: progress gradually, unilateral

Choose Diagnosis: Stroke, Tumor or disease

A

Tumor

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7
Q

Symptoms: accompanied by increased cranial pressure

Choose Diagnosis: Stroke, Tumor or disease

A

Tumor or large hemorrhagic stroke

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8
Q

Symptoms: develop gradually and bilateral, no increased intracranial pressure
Choose Diagnosis: Stroke, Tumor or disease

A

Disease

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9
Q

Determine side of the symptoms, if lesion is in the spinal cord. What is the exception?

A

Sensory and motor symptoms are on the same side of the lesion. Exception: loss of pain and temperature

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10
Q

Determine side of the symptoms, if lesion is in the brain stem. What is the exception?

A

lesion is on the same side as the highest symptom and on opposite side as lower symptoms. No other exceptions.

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11
Q

Determine side of the symptoms, if lesion is in the forebrain. What is the exception?

A

all sensory and motor symptoms are on the opposite side of the body. Olfactory loss is the exception

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12
Q

Determine side of the symptoms, if lesion is in the cerebellum (or its input or output tracts). What is the exception?

A

all symptoms are on the same side of the lesion. no exceptions

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13
Q

Somatosensory words include _________ and can be reduced into one symptom

A 
loss of pain
position sense
temperature
joint sense
one symptom: sensory loss of the "fill in with region of body" (because somewhere along ascending sensory pathways have been cut)
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14
Q

3 Motor symptoms diagnosis and associated anatomy:

A

Failure to Move (descending motor pathways)
Tremor/In-coordination (cerebellum)
Involuntary Movement (Basal Ganglia)

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15
Q

Descending Motor Pathways

A

Motor Cortex, Internal Capsule, Descending Motor tracts

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16
Q

Failure to Move Symptoms include…

A

Paralysis, Paresis, Weakness, Hypertonus, Spastic, Flaccid

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17
Q

What is the function of the largest component of our brain (85%)?

A

sensory, motor, and “cognitive” process

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18
Q

What is neocortex?

A

the composition of most of the cerebral cortex that is organized in 6 layers or laminae that are numbered from the surface of the brain to the deep white matter

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19
Q

How are connections of groups of neurons bet. laminae organized? its effect?

A

vertical or columnar fashion so that cells with similar function tend to span all cortical layers within the columns

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20
Q

What gyrus makes up the somatosensory cortex?

A

post-central

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21
Q

Occipital lobe Functions

A

visual system

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22
Q

Area V1 or area 17 is..

A

Visual area first comes to V1 aka Primary visual cortex of occipital lobe that includes a portion of the lingual and cuneate gyri and within the deep folds of the calcarine sulcus (medial)

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23
Q

Scotomas result from damage of what lobe?

A

Occipital lobe damage causes blind spots “scotomas” in 1/2 of the visual field contralateral to lesion

24
Q

Each half of visual cortex is interconnected with the other side via…

A

Splenium of the corpus callosum

25
Q

Postcentral gyrus is also known as? and is analagous to what area?

A

SI or Brodmann’s areas 3,1,2…..V1

26
Q

Somatosensory deficits to SI, occur on same or opposite side of body?`

A

opposite

27
Q

Apraxia is caused by what lesion?

A

Apraxia- the inability to bring the limb under sensory or cognitive control is caused by lesion to the superior parietal lobe, the region associated with guiding movement

28
Q

Wernicke’s area receives visual information related to reading from what gyrus?

A

Angular

29
Q

Inferior parietal lobule is associated with what functions?

A

Cognitive functions. The dominant hemisphere concerned with language.

30
Q

Pathology of the right hemisphere of the inferior parietal lobule leads to what problems??

A

spatial disabilities

31
Q

The parietal lobe and posterior parts of the frontal lobe are interconnected by

A

the body of the corpus callosum

32
Q

What gyri is the primary sensory cortex for audition?

A

Heschl’s gyrus/gyri (Transverse Temporal Gyrii, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42)

33
Q

Superior temporal gyrus is associated with what function? it is a part of what area?

A

audition . the posterior portion and superior surface lying within the lateral sulcus is the planum temporale part of Wernicke’s

34
Q

The fusiform Gyri are important for what function?

A

Visual Memory and Perception

35
Q

What are the three components of the fusiform gyri?>

A

Middle , inferior, and occipito-temproal gyri

36
Q

Prosopagnosia is caused by what lesion?

A

Prosopagnosia is the inability to identify or recognize faces- caused by bilateral lesions of the inferior temporal lobe, the fusiform gyri

37
Q

Amnesia is caused by what bilateral damage?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus and uncus because the medial surface of the temporal lobe is associated with memory

38
Q

What does the anterior commissure connect?

A

anterior parts of the temporal lobes nad olfactory lobes

39
Q

What regions receive terminations of the olfactory tract?

A

Uncus
Anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus
Subcallosal gyrus

40
Q

What gyrus is called the primary motor cortex? It is aka?

A

Precentral gyrus; Area 4 of Bromann- a major source of axons that extend ot the spinal cord for voluntary movement

41
Q

Paresis and movement deficits occur on the opposite side of the body to what area damaged?

A

Precentral gyrus

42
Q

Premotor or Secondary motor areas that contirbute to eye movements (frontal eye fields) are attributed to what gyri?

A

Superior and middle frontal gyri

43
Q

damage to Secondary motor areas can lead to what pathology?

A

apraxia

44
Q

Prefrontal cortex - rostral portions of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal is associated with what function?

A

planning and sequencing of complex tasks. It also contributes to making up a person’s personality.

45
Q

Compulsive, repetitive, behaviors, and personality changes indicate damage to what area?

A

Prefrontal cortex

46
Q

The genu of the corpus callosum connects what lobes?

A

frontal

47
Q

Where does information about the speech enter and spread?

A

Enters to the temporal cortex in Heschl’s gyurus and spreads to Wernicke’s area

48
Q

Wernicke’s area consists of

A

posterior portions of the superior temporal gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus

49
Q

where are the commands for speech organized?

A

Frontal Lobe Broca’s area in the inferior frontal gyrus. Language information is also relayed to this part.

50
Q

Inability to understand language and speak coherently is known as

A

Wernicke’s Apahasia (receptive or sensory aphasia)

51
Q

Impaired ability to generate speech (or writing) is known as

A

Broca’s aphasia (expressive or motor aphasia)

52
Q

Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42

A

Heschl’s gyrus, gyri Transverse temporal gyri

53
Q

Primary sensory cortex for audition

A

Heschl’s gyri

54
Q

commands for speech are organized after receiving information from angular gyrus here

A

Broca’s area in the inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe

55
Q

Speech information ennters the temoral cortex in Heschl’s gyrus and preads to…

A

Wernicke’s area (including superior temporal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus)

56
Q

Sulcus is also known as

A

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Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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