Interior of the heart and posterior mediastinum

Question 1

What is the crista terminalis?

Answer 1

Division in the lungs between muscular and smooth wall

Question 2

In which chamber of the heart would you expect to find the crista terminalis?

Answer 2

The right atrium

Question 3

In which chamber of the heart would you expect to see the fossa ovalis?

Answer 3

Right atrium

Question 4

What is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 4

Oval shaped depression on the inter atrial septum of the right ventricle

Question 5

The fossa ovalis a remnant of which foetal structure?

Answer 5

Foramen ovale

Question 6

What was the function of the foramen ovale in foetal development?

Answer 6

Allow blood flow between right and left sides of the heart

Question 7

What are the cordae tendinae?

Answer 7

chords that are attached to the tricupsid valves and papillary muscles?

Question 8

What are the papillary muscles

Answer 8

Finger-like muscles that project from the interior wall og the heart.

Question 9

What are the trabeculae canae?

Answer 9

Spiderweb like fibres that look similar to the papillary muscles but are not connected to cordae tendinae

Question 10

Where does the moderator band connect with?

Answer 10

Connects to base of anterior papillary muscle of the tricupsid valve and to the ventricular septum

Question 11

What is the purpose of the trabeculae canae?

Answer 11

Connects branch of AV bundle to papillary muscle to save conduction time

Question 12

Do papillary muscles contract before or after the ventricles?

Answer 12

At the same time

Question 13

What is the purpose of the cordae tendinae and papillary muscles?

Answer 13

They contract with ventricles in order to stop tricuspid from becoming averted during increased pressure of ventricular contraction

Question 14

What is the difference in the right and left atrial walls?

Answer 14

Right atrium has muscular a smooth side separated by crista terminalis.

Left atrium just has smooth walls

Question 15

What is the intraventricular and interventricular?

Answer 15

itra = within inter=between

Question 16

When does the foramen ovale close?

Answer 16

After birth

Question 17

If holes persist in the foramen ovale, is this clinically significant?

Answer 17

Atrial septum defect - can cause major problems as deoxygenated blood will be pumped through the aorta so lowered oxygen saturation levels

Question 18

Describe the spread of excitation of the heart

Answer 18

SAN starts the excitation (no stable resting potentials so can depolarise spontaneously. Propagates through atria gap junctions

Impulse spreads over ventricles so atria contract simultaneously

Impulses reach AV node

Impulse slowed to allow impulse to allow atria to empty fully

AVN sends impulse through septum though AV bundles to apex

Pukenje fibres conduct impulse from apex upwards on the ventricles to push blood through semi lunar valves

Question 19

What is incompetence of the heart valves?

Answer 19

Incomplete closure of valves during contraction

Question 20

What is stenosis of the heart valves?

Answer 20

Incomplete opening of the valves when blood is passing through

Question 21

If there is a ventricular septum defect, which does direction would the blood flow within the heart?

Answer 21

Left to right ventricle

Question 22

If the left atrioventricular valve was malfunctioning, what would occur?

Answer 22

Flowback into the left ventricle and increased pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary vein

Question 23

During foetal development, the dustus artieriosus would allow blood flow in the heart from which side?

Answer 23

Left to right

Question 24

What is coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 24

arch of descending aorta is locally constricted

Question 25

Where is coarctation of the aorta most likely to occur?

Answer 25

Below the left subclavian artery

Question 26

What intercostal marks the division between super and inferior border of the mediastinum?

Answer 26

T4/5

Question 27

What feature of the sternum and which vertebral disc mark the inferior border of the superior portion of the mediastinum?

Answer 27

Sternal angle and the vertebral disk between T4/5

Question 28

What can be found between the heart and the sternum?

Answer 28

Remembrance of the thymus gland

Question 29

Where is the heart located within the mediastinum?

Answer 29

The medial layer of the inferior portion of the mediastinum

Question 30

What feature can be found on the portion of the inferior mediastinum?

Answer 30

The remnance of the thymus gland

Question 31

What is found in the posterior portion of the inferior mediastinum?

Answer 31

All components below the heart

Question 32

What great vessels can be found in the superior portion of the mediastinum?

Answer 32

Superior vena cava: brachiosephalic veins, internal jugualar and subclavian

Vena cava: brachiosephalic trunk, L+R common caroid and L+R subclavian

Question 33

Where can the trachea be seen?

Answer 33

Between brachiosephalic trunk and common carotid

Question 34

Where is the conrina and the left and right main bronchi found within the mediastinum?

Answer 34

Posterior portion of the inferior mediastinum

Question 35

Where is the oesophagus found in relation to the thrachea

Answer 35

Immediately deep to it. Left main bronchus lies directly above it.

Question 36

What vessel is found lateral to the left of the oesophagus?

Answer 36

Descending aorta

Question 37

What vessel is found deeper to the oesophagus on its right lateral side?

Answer 37

Azygous vein

Question 38

Where does the azygous vein receive blood from?

Answer 38

Intercostal veins

Question 39

Where the azygous vein drain into?

Answer 39

Superior vena cava

Question 40

Where can the thoracic duct be found?

Answer 40

between azygous vein and oesophagus

Question 41

What does thoracic duct carry and from where?

Answer 41

Lymph and carries it from the abdominal region and lower body

Question 42

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

Answer 42

Runs superiorly into the left braciosephalic vein