Heart and great vessels Flashcards
What vertebrae number marks the superior and inferior border of the manubrium?
Superior = T1, Inferior = T4
What vertebrae number marks the superior and inferior borders of the sternum?
Superior = T5. Inferior = T12
Up to what vertebrae number does the superior mediastinum consist of?
T1-4
What is the mediastinum?
Membranous partition between two body cavities: the lungs, for example.
What is the fibrous pericardium?
The outermost layer of the heart
What is the purpose of the phrenic nerve?
Innervates the diaphragm. Relays motor information to the diaphragm and receives sensory information from it.
To which side is the heart angled towards?
Left side
What is the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?
Inferior border
What is the name given to the right surface of the heart?
Right pulmonary surface
What is the name given to the left surface of the heart?
Left pulmonary surface
What is the name given to the anterior surface of the heart?
Costosternal surface
When looking at the heart from an anterior view, what is the largest chamber that can be seen?
Right ventricle
What great vessel supplies the right atrium?
vena cava
Is the blood from the vena cava oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Deoxygenated
Is blood entering the right atrium oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Deoxygenated
Is the blood leaving the right ventricle oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Deoxygenated
The right ventricle pumps blood into which great vessel?
Pulmonary trunk
Where does the pulmonary trunk transport blood to?
The lungs
Blood leaving the lungs returns to the heart via which vessels?
Pulmonary vein
What chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins enter?
Left atrium
Is blood entering the left ventricle oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Oxygenated
Is blood travelling in the pulmonary veins oxygenated or deoxyegated?
Oxygenated
Blood leaving the left ventricle is pumped through which great vessel?
Aorta
Is blood travelling in the aorta oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Oxygenated
Is the aortic arch classified as ascending or descending aorta?
Ascending
Where are the tricupsid valves found?
Between the right atrium and right ventricle
Where are the mitral/bicupsid valves found?
Between the left atrium and left ventricle
What is the name given to the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary valves
What is the name given to the valve between the right ventricle and aorta?
Aortic (semilunar) valves
Name the four great vessels and where they drain into/away from and whether the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated.
Pulmonary trunk = away from the right ventricle (D) Pulmonary veins = into the left ventricle (O) Aorta = away from the left (O) ventricle Vena cava (S+I) = into the right atrium (D)
Brachiosephalic veins drain into which vessel?
Superior vena cava
Which vessels do jugular veins drain into?
subclavian veins
Describe the position of the internal jugular vein?
Medial
Describe the position of the external jugular vein?
Lateral
What does the pulmonary trunk split into?
Right and left pulmonary arteries
Where can the pulmonary veins be found and how many on each side of this chamber?
2 right pulmonary veins and 2 left pulmonary veins found on the left ventricle.
Describe the positioning of the aortic arch in relation to the right pulmonary artery.
Aortic arch passes superiorly over the pulmonary artery
Name the three branches of the aorta
Brachiosephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery
What does the brachiosephalic trunk split into?
Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery
What does the right common carotid supply?
Head, neck and brain
What does the right subclavian supply?
Right arm
What does the left common carotid supply?
Head, neck and brain
What does the left subclavian supply?
Left arm
Which of the branches of the brachiospehalic trunk lie most medially?
Common carotid
Even though both the right and left common carotid arteries supply the head, neck and brain, why are they found on different branches of the aorta?
In case one were to become blocked or injured there is still blood supply to head
Where would you expect to find the ligamentum arteriosum?
Between the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk
The ligamentum arteriosum is remnant of which foetal feature? What is its purpose in a foetus?
Ductus arteriosus. Allows blood to bypass lungs during development.
A patient has been diagnosed with an intrathoracic tumour. What would his symptoms be? Where is the tumour growing?
Loss of voice - growth on recurrent laryngeal nerve that supplied the voice box with motor function.
Where does the phrenic nerve originate
C3 4 5
Which structures does the R+L phrenic nerves run when it enters the thorax from the neck?
R - passes anteriorly over (subclavian) arteries and posteriorly under veins and along vena cava. Anteriorly over the lung root L- passes anterior over (subclavian) arteries and aortic arch. Anteriorly over the lung root.
What does the phrenic nerves supply? (4)
Diaphragm Diaphragmatic pericardium Fibrous pericardium Mediastinal pleura
Describe the shape of the diaphragm and the way the phrenic nerve relates to it.
Diaphragm is bilateral. Each nerve supplies an ipsilateral side.
Where does the vagus nerve originate?
C10/X
Is the phrenic nerve somatic or autonomic?
Somatic - voluntary control of skeletal muscle
Is the vagus nerve somatic or autonomic?
Autonomic - uncontrolled. Digestion. + F or flloght
What structures does the L+R vagus nerve pass?
R- posterior to the internal jugular, -anterior to the right subclavian. - posterior to the right brachiocephalic artery - posterior and lateral to the superior vena cava. - posterior to lung root L-posterior to the left internal jugular -between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries - anterior over aortic arch -posterior to lung root
Which nerve forms a pulmonary plexus at the hilum of each lung root? (then goes on to supply oesophageal plexus
Vagus nerve
What does the vagus nerve supply?
All organs
What is the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Branch of the vagus nerve
What is the purpose of the laryngeal nerve?
Supply intrinsic muscles of the layrnx
The recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the L+R vagus nerve at which vessle?
R- right subclavian artery L- ligumentum artiosum and aortic arch
Ganglia along the sympathetic chain communicate with what?
Each other, spinal cord, and ventral rami
Where does the sympathetic chain run and how many are there?
There are 11. They run on each side of the thoracic spine and anterior to the head of the ribs.
What are sympathetic ganglia made of?
Nerve cell bodies
What is a nerve plexus?
Collection of nerves
The pulmonary plexus supplied which structures?
bronchial tree and visceral pleura
Where is the pulmonary plexus found?
Anteriorly and posteriorly to each lung root.
What type of nerves make up the pulmonary plexus
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on bronchi
smooth muscle relaxes and bronchi dilate
Name the three layers of the pericardial sac from superficial to deep
fibrous pericardium, parietal (serous) pericardium and visceral epericardium
Which of the three pericardium layers are fused together?
fibrous and parietal
Which of the three layers of the pericardium forms the epicardium?
Visceral
All three layers of pericardium fuse together at which 2 great vessels?
(S+I) vena cava and aorta
What is the function of the pericardium? (4)
Fixes heart in position Limits motion Lubrication for contraction Protection from infection
What is pericardial effusion? What does it cause?
abnormal accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity. It causes a rise in intrapericadial pressure (cardiac tamponade) which can lead to heart failure.
What is cardiac tamponade?
Compression of heart due to accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac.
What is an aortic sinus?
Aortic sinus are branches of the aorta that give rise to coronary arteries. The left aortic sinus gives rise to the left coronary artery, the right aortic sinus gives rise to the right coronary artery.
Where can the aortic sinus’ be found and how many are there?
They can be found inferior to each of the 3 aortic valves. 1 sinus per valve.
What is the function of the coronary sinuses?
Supply blood to myocardium
The root of the coronary arteries can be found by lifting which structure?
Respective oracles
The coronary sulcus contains which arteries?
Coronary arteries
In what direction do the coronary arteries flow? (from root to end)
anterior to posterior
What are the names of the arteries that arise from the right coronary artery?
Right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery
What chamber of the heart does the right marginal artery supply?
Right ventricle
Where is the interventricular sulcus located?
The septem
Where does the right posterior intraventricular artery terminate?
The apex of the heart
What are the bifurcations of the left coronary artery?
Left anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery
Where does the bifurcation of the left coronary artery occur?
On the left ventricle
At which anatomical view does the circumflex artery branch?
Posterior view
What is the name given to the artery that branches from the circumflex artery?
Left marginal artery
Where does the left marginal artery terminate?
Apex of the heart
Where do the coronary veins drain into?
Coronary sinus
Where does blood from the coronary sinus drain into?
Right atrium
Which coronary artery gives the greatest blood supply to the SAN and the AVN?
Right coronary artery
What is coronary thrombosis?
Blood clot in aorta
What is a myocardial infarction?
Heart attack
If a patient has developed a clot in their aorta, what was their diagnosis likely to be?
Coronary thrombosis
What is angina pectoris?
Pain in the heart/chest
Where is the coronary sinus located?
Atrioventricular groove on the posterior of the heart
Where do sympathetic fibres in the cardiac plexus come from?
superior, middle and interior cardiac nerves
Where do the parasympathetic fibres in the cardiac plexus arise?
Vagus nerve - CN 10
What does a sympathetic stimuli cause in the heart?
increased heart rate and vasoconstriction
What does a parasympathetic stimuli cause in the heart?
decreased heart rate and vasodilation
Where does the subclavian vein drain into?
brachiosephalic trunk
Where does the azygous vein drain into?
superior vena cava
What drains into the azygous vein?
intercostal azygous veins from neurovascularr bundles
Internal throacic artery arises from which artery?
The subclavian artery
What does the internal throacic artery supply?
The anterior portion of the intercostal spaces of the throacic cage
