Heart and great vessels Flashcards
1
Q
What vertebrae number marks the superior and inferior border of the manubrium?
A
Superior = T1, Inferior = T4
2
Q
What vertebrae number marks the superior and inferior borders of the sternum?
A
Superior = T5. Inferior = T12
3
Q
Up to what vertebrae number does the superior mediastinum consist of?
A
T1-4
4
Q
What is the mediastinum?
A
Membranous partition between two body cavities: the lungs, for example.
5
Q
What is the fibrous pericardium?
A
The outermost layer of the heart
6
Q
What is the purpose of the phrenic nerve?
A
Innervates the diaphragm. Relays motor information to the diaphragm and receives sensory information from it.
7
Q
To which side is the heart angled towards?
A
Left side
8
Q
What is the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?
A
Inferior border
9
Q
What is the name given to the right surface of the heart?
A
Right pulmonary surface
10
Q
What is the name given to the left surface of the heart?
A
Left pulmonary surface
11
Q
What is the name given to the anterior surface of the heart?
A
Costosternal surface
12
Q
When looking at the heart from an anterior view, what is the largest chamber that can be seen?
A
Right ventricle
13
Q
What great vessel supplies the right atrium?
A
vena cava
14
Q
Is the blood from the vena cava oxygenated or deoxygenated?
A
Deoxygenated
15
Q
Is blood entering the right atrium oxygenated or deoxygenated?
A
Deoxygenated
16
Q
Is the blood leaving the right ventricle oxygenated or deoxygenated?
A
Deoxygenated
17
Q
The right ventricle pumps blood into which great vessel?
A
Pulmonary trunk
18
Q
Where does the pulmonary trunk transport blood to?
A
The lungs
19
Q
Blood leaving the lungs returns to the heart via which vessels?
A
Pulmonary vein
20
Q
What chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins enter?
A
Left atrium
21
Q
Is blood entering the left ventricle oxygenated or deoxygenated?
A
Oxygenated
22
Q
Is blood travelling in the pulmonary veins oxygenated or deoxyegated?
A
Oxygenated
23
Q
Blood leaving the left ventricle is pumped through which great vessel?
A
Aorta
24
Q
Is blood travelling in the aorta oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
A
Oxygenated
25
Is the aortic arch classified as ascending or descending aorta?
Ascending
26
Where are the tricupsid valves found?
Between the right atrium and right ventricle
27
Where are the mitral/bicupsid valves found?
Between the left atrium and left ventricle
28
What is the name given to the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?
Pulmonary valves
29
What is the name given to the valve between the right ventricle and aorta?
Aortic (semilunar) valves
30
Name the four great vessels and where they drain into/away from and whether the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated.
Pulmonary trunk = away from the right ventricle (D) Pulmonary veins = into the left ventricle (O) Aorta = away from the left (O) ventricle Vena cava (S+I) = into the right atrium (D)
31
Brachiosephalic veins drain into which vessel?
Superior vena cava
32
Which vessels do jugular veins drain into?
subclavian veins
33
Describe the position of the internal jugular vein?
Medial
34
Describe the position of the external jugular vein?
Lateral
35
What does the pulmonary trunk split into?
Right and left pulmonary arteries
36
Where can the pulmonary veins be found and how many on each side of this chamber?
2 right pulmonary veins and 2 left pulmonary veins found on the left ventricle.
37
Describe the positioning of the aortic arch in relation to the right pulmonary artery.
Aortic arch passes superiorly over the pulmonary artery
38
Name the three branches of the aorta
Brachiosephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery
39
What does the brachiosephalic trunk split into?
Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery
40
What does the right common carotid supply?
Head, neck and brain
41
What does the right subclavian supply?
Right arm
42
What does the left common carotid supply?
Head, neck and brain
43
What does the left subclavian supply?
Left arm
44
Which of the branches of the brachiospehalic trunk lie most medially?
Common carotid
45
Even though both the right and left common carotid arteries supply the head, neck and brain, why are they found on different branches of the aorta?
In case one were to become blocked or injured there is still blood supply to head
46
Where would you expect to find the ligamentum arteriosum?
Between the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk
47
The ligamentum arteriosum is remnant of which foetal feature? What is its purpose in a foetus?
Ductus arteriosus. Allows blood to bypass lungs during development.
48
A patient has been diagnosed with an intrathoracic tumour. What would his symptoms be? Where is the tumour growing?
Loss of voice - growth on recurrent laryngeal nerve that supplied the voice box with motor function.
49
Where does the phrenic nerve originate
C3 4 5
50
Which structures does the R+L phrenic nerves run when it enters the thorax from the neck?
R - passes anteriorly over (subclavian) arteries and posteriorly under veins and along vena cava. Anteriorly over the lung root L- passes anterior over (subclavian) arteries and aortic arch. Anteriorly over the lung root.
51
What does the phrenic nerves supply? (4)
Diaphragm Diaphragmatic pericardium Fibrous pericardium Mediastinal pleura
52
Describe the shape of the diaphragm and the way the phrenic nerve relates to it.
Diaphragm is bilateral. Each nerve supplies an ipsilateral side.
53
Where does the vagus nerve originate?
C10/X
54
Is the phrenic nerve somatic or autonomic?
Somatic - voluntary control of skeletal muscle
55
Is the vagus nerve somatic or autonomic?
Autonomic - uncontrolled. Digestion. + F or flloght
56
What structures does the L+R vagus nerve pass?
R- posterior to the internal jugular, -anterior to the right subclavian. - posterior to the right brachiocephalic artery - posterior and lateral to the superior vena cava. - posterior to lung root L-posterior to the left internal jugular -between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries - anterior over aortic arch -posterior to lung root
57
Which nerve forms a pulmonary plexus at the hilum of each lung root? (then goes on to supply oesophageal plexus
Vagus nerve
58
What does the vagus nerve supply?
All organs
59
What is the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Branch of the vagus nerve
60
What is the purpose of the laryngeal nerve?
Supply intrinsic muscles of the layrnx
61
The recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the L+R vagus nerve at which vessle?
R- right subclavian artery L- ligumentum artiosum and aortic arch
62
Ganglia along the sympathetic chain communicate with what?
Each other, spinal cord, and ventral rami
63
Where does the sympathetic chain run and how many are there?
There are 11. They run on each side of the thoracic spine and anterior to the head of the ribs.
64
What are sympathetic ganglia made of?
Nerve cell bodies
65
What is a nerve plexus?
Collection of nerves
66
The pulmonary plexus supplied which structures?
bronchial tree and visceral pleura
67
Where is the pulmonary plexus found?
Anteriorly and posteriorly to each lung root.
68
What type of nerves make up the pulmonary plexus
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
69
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on bronchi
smooth muscle relaxes and bronchi dilate
70
Name the three layers of the pericardial sac from superficial to deep
fibrous pericardium, parietal (serous) pericardium and visceral epericardium
71
Which of the three pericardium layers are fused together?
fibrous and parietal
72
Which of the three layers of the pericardium forms the epicardium?
Visceral
73
All three layers of pericardium fuse together at which 2 great vessels?
(S+I) vena cava and aorta
74
What is the function of the pericardium? (4)
Fixes heart in position Limits motion Lubrication for contraction Protection from infection
75
What is pericardial effusion? What does it cause?
abnormal accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity. It causes a rise in intrapericadial pressure (cardiac tamponade) which can lead to heart failure.
76
What is cardiac tamponade?
Compression of heart due to accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac.
77
What is an aortic sinus?
Aortic sinus are branches of the aorta that give rise to coronary arteries. The left aortic sinus gives rise to the left coronary artery, the right aortic sinus gives rise to the right coronary artery.
78
Where can the aortic sinus' be found and how many are there?
They can be found inferior to each of the 3 aortic valves. 1 sinus per valve.
79
What is the function of the coronary sinuses?
Supply blood to myocardium
80
The root of the coronary arteries can be found by lifting which structure?
Respective oracles
81
The coronary sulcus contains which arteries?
Coronary arteries
82
In what direction do the coronary arteries flow? (from root to end)
anterior to posterior
83
What are the names of the arteries that arise from the right coronary artery?
Right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery
84
What chamber of the heart does the right marginal artery supply?
Right ventricle
85
Where is the interventricular sulcus located?
The septem
86
Where does the right posterior intraventricular artery terminate?
The apex of the heart
87
What are the bifurcations of the left coronary artery?
Left anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery
88
Where does the bifurcation of the left coronary artery occur?
On the left ventricle
89
At which anatomical view does the circumflex artery branch?
Posterior view
90
What is the name given to the artery that branches from the circumflex artery?
Left marginal artery
91
Where does the left marginal artery terminate?
Apex of the heart
92
Where do the coronary veins drain into?
Coronary sinus
93
Where does blood from the coronary sinus drain into?
Right atrium
94
Which coronary artery gives the greatest blood supply to the SAN and the AVN?
Right coronary artery
95
What is coronary thrombosis?
Blood clot in aorta
96
What is a myocardial infarction?
Heart attack
97
If a patient has developed a clot in their aorta, what was their diagnosis likely to be?
Coronary thrombosis
98
What is angina pectoris?
Pain in the heart/chest
99
Where is the coronary sinus located?
Atrioventricular groove on the posterior of the heart
100
Where do sympathetic fibres in the cardiac plexus come from?
superior, middle and interior cardiac nerves
101
Where do the parasympathetic fibres in the cardiac plexus arise?
Vagus nerve - CN 10
102
What does a sympathetic stimuli cause in the heart?
increased heart rate and vasoconstriction
103
What does a parasympathetic stimuli cause in the heart?
decreased heart rate and vasodilation
104
Where does the subclavian vein drain into?
brachiosephalic trunk
105
Where does the azygous vein drain into?
superior vena cava
106
What drains into the azygous vein?
intercostal azygous veins from neurovascularr bundles
107
Internal throacic artery arises from which artery?
The subclavian artery
108
What does the internal throacic artery supply?
The anterior portion of the intercostal spaces of the throacic cage
