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CRR anatomy 1 > Heart and great vessels > Flashcards

Heart and great vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What vertebrae number marks the superior and inferior border of the manubrium?

A

Superior = T1, Inferior = T4

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2
Q

What vertebrae number marks the superior and inferior borders of the sternum?

A

Superior = T5. Inferior = T12

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3
Q

Up to what vertebrae number does the superior mediastinum consist of?

A

T1-4

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4
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Membranous partition between two body cavities: the lungs, for example.

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5
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

The outermost layer of the heart

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the phrenic nerve?

A

Innervates the diaphragm. Relays motor information to the diaphragm and receives sensory information from it.

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7
Q

To which side is the heart angled towards?

A

Left side

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8
Q

What is the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

A

Inferior border

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9
Q

What is the name given to the right surface of the heart?

A

Right pulmonary surface

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10
Q

What is the name given to the left surface of the heart?

A

Left pulmonary surface

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11
Q

What is the name given to the anterior surface of the heart?

A

Costosternal surface

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12
Q

When looking at the heart from an anterior view, what is the largest chamber that can be seen?

A

Right ventricle

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13
Q

What great vessel supplies the right atrium?

A

vena cava

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14
Q

Is the blood from the vena cava oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Deoxygenated

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15
Q

Is blood entering the right atrium oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Deoxygenated

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16
Q

Is the blood leaving the right ventricle oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Deoxygenated

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17
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood into which great vessel?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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18
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk transport blood to?

A

The lungs

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19
Q

Blood leaving the lungs returns to the heart via which vessels?

A

Pulmonary vein

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20
Q

What chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins enter?

A

Left atrium

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21
Q

Is blood entering the left ventricle oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Oxygenated

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22
Q

Is blood travelling in the pulmonary veins oxygenated or deoxyegated?

A

Oxygenated

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23
Q

Blood leaving the left ventricle is pumped through which great vessel?

A

Aorta

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24
Q

Is blood travelling in the aorta oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated

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25
Q

Is the aortic arch classified as ascending or descending aorta?

A

Ascending

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26
Q

Where are the tricupsid valves found?

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

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27
Q

Where are the mitral/bicupsid valves found?

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

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28
Q

What is the name given to the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?

A

Pulmonary valves

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29
Q

What is the name given to the valve between the right ventricle and aorta?

A

Aortic (semilunar) valves

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30
Q

Name the four great vessels and where they drain into/away from and whether the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated.

A

Pulmonary trunk = away from the right ventricle (D) Pulmonary veins = into the left ventricle (O) Aorta = away from the left (O) ventricle Vena cava (S+I) = into the right atrium (D)

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31
Q

Brachiosephalic veins drain into which vessel?

A

Superior vena cava

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32
Q

Which vessels do jugular veins drain into?

A

subclavian veins

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33
Q

Describe the position of the internal jugular vein?

A

Medial

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34
Q

Describe the position of the external jugular vein?

A

Lateral

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35
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk split into?

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries

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36
Q

Where can the pulmonary veins be found and how many on each side of this chamber?

A

2 right pulmonary veins and 2 left pulmonary veins found on the left ventricle.

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37
Q

Describe the positioning of the aortic arch in relation to the right pulmonary artery.

A

Aortic arch passes superiorly over the pulmonary artery

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38
Q

Name the three branches of the aorta

A

Brachiosephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery

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39
Q

What does the brachiosephalic trunk split into?

A

Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

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40
Q

What does the right common carotid supply?

A

Head, neck and brain

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41
Q

What does the right subclavian supply?

A

Right arm

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42
Q

What does the left common carotid supply?

A

Head, neck and brain

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43
Q

What does the left subclavian supply?

A

Left arm

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44
Q

Which of the branches of the brachiospehalic trunk lie most medially?

A

Common carotid

45
Q

Even though both the right and left common carotid arteries supply the head, neck and brain, why are they found on different branches of the aorta?

A

In case one were to become blocked or injured there is still blood supply to head

46
Q

Where would you expect to find the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Between the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk

47
Q

The ligamentum arteriosum is remnant of which foetal feature? What is its purpose in a foetus?

A

Ductus arteriosus. Allows blood to bypass lungs during development.

48
Q

A patient has been diagnosed with an intrathoracic tumour. What would his symptoms be? Where is the tumour growing?

A

Loss of voice - growth on recurrent laryngeal nerve that supplied the voice box with motor function.

49
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate

A

C3 4 5

50
Q

Which structures does the R+L phrenic nerves run when it enters the thorax from the neck?

A

R - passes anteriorly over (subclavian) arteries and posteriorly under veins and along vena cava. Anteriorly over the lung root L- passes anterior over (subclavian) arteries and aortic arch. Anteriorly over the lung root.

51
Q

What does the phrenic nerves supply? (4)

A

Diaphragm Diaphragmatic pericardium Fibrous pericardium Mediastinal pleura

52
Q

Describe the shape of the diaphragm and the way the phrenic nerve relates to it.

A

Diaphragm is bilateral. Each nerve supplies an ipsilateral side.

53
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate?

A

C10/X

54
Q

Is the phrenic nerve somatic or autonomic?

A

Somatic - voluntary control of skeletal muscle

55
Q

Is the vagus nerve somatic or autonomic?

A

Autonomic - uncontrolled. Digestion. + F or flloght

56
Q

What structures does the L+R vagus nerve pass?

A

R- posterior to the internal jugular, -anterior to the right subclavian. - posterior to the right brachiocephalic artery - posterior and lateral to the superior vena cava. - posterior to lung root L-posterior to the left internal jugular -between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries - anterior over aortic arch -posterior to lung root

57
Q

Which nerve forms a pulmonary plexus at the hilum of each lung root? (then goes on to supply oesophageal plexus

A

Vagus nerve

58
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply?

A

All organs

59
Q

What is the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Branch of the vagus nerve

60
Q

What is the purpose of the laryngeal nerve?

A

Supply intrinsic muscles of the layrnx

61
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the L+R vagus nerve at which vessle?

A

R- right subclavian artery L- ligumentum artiosum and aortic arch

62
Q

Ganglia along the sympathetic chain communicate with what?

A

Each other, spinal cord, and ventral rami

63
Q

Where does the sympathetic chain run and how many are there?

A

There are 11. They run on each side of the thoracic spine and anterior to the head of the ribs.

64
Q

What are sympathetic ganglia made of?

A

Nerve cell bodies

65
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Collection of nerves

66
Q

The pulmonary plexus supplied which structures?

A

bronchial tree and visceral pleura

67
Q

Where is the pulmonary plexus found?

A

Anteriorly and posteriorly to each lung root.

68
Q

What type of nerves make up the pulmonary plexus

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

69
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on bronchi

A

smooth muscle relaxes and bronchi dilate

70
Q

Name the three layers of the pericardial sac from superficial to deep

A

fibrous pericardium, parietal (serous) pericardium and visceral epericardium

71
Q

Which of the three pericardium layers are fused together?

A

fibrous and parietal

72
Q

Which of the three layers of the pericardium forms the epicardium?

A

Visceral

73
Q

All three layers of pericardium fuse together at which 2 great vessels?

A

(S+I) vena cava and aorta

74
Q

What is the function of the pericardium? (4)

A

Fixes heart in position Limits motion Lubrication for contraction Protection from infection

75
Q

What is pericardial effusion? What does it cause?

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity. It causes a rise in intrapericadial pressure (cardiac tamponade) which can lead to heart failure.

76
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Compression of heart due to accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac.

77
Q

What is an aortic sinus?

A

Aortic sinus are branches of the aorta that give rise to coronary arteries. The left aortic sinus gives rise to the left coronary artery, the right aortic sinus gives rise to the right coronary artery.

78
Q

Where can the aortic sinus’ be found and how many are there?

A

They can be found inferior to each of the 3 aortic valves. 1 sinus per valve.

79
Q

What is the function of the coronary sinuses?

A

Supply blood to myocardium

80
Q

The root of the coronary arteries can be found by lifting which structure?

A

Respective oracles

81
Q

The coronary sulcus contains which arteries?

A

Coronary arteries

82
Q

In what direction do the coronary arteries flow? (from root to end)

A

anterior to posterior

83
Q

What are the names of the arteries that arise from the right coronary artery?

A

Right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery

84
Q

What chamber of the heart does the right marginal artery supply?

A

Right ventricle

85
Q

Where is the interventricular sulcus located?

A

The septem

86
Q

Where does the right posterior intraventricular artery terminate?

A

The apex of the heart

87
Q

What are the bifurcations of the left coronary artery?

A

Left anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

88
Q

Where does the bifurcation of the left coronary artery occur?

A

On the left ventricle

89
Q

At which anatomical view does the circumflex artery branch?

A

Posterior view

90
Q

What is the name given to the artery that branches from the circumflex artery?

A

Left marginal artery

91
Q

Where does the left marginal artery terminate?

A

Apex of the heart

92
Q

Where do the coronary veins drain into?

A

Coronary sinus

93
Q

Where does blood from the coronary sinus drain into?

A

Right atrium

94
Q

Which coronary artery gives the greatest blood supply to the SAN and the AVN?

A

Right coronary artery

95
Q

What is coronary thrombosis?

A

Blood clot in aorta

96
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack

97
Q

If a patient has developed a clot in their aorta, what was their diagnosis likely to be?

A

Coronary thrombosis

98
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Pain in the heart/chest

99
Q

Where is the coronary sinus located?

A

Atrioventricular groove on the posterior of the heart

100
Q

Where do sympathetic fibres in the cardiac plexus come from?

A

superior, middle and interior cardiac nerves

101
Q

Where do the parasympathetic fibres in the cardiac plexus arise?

A

Vagus nerve - CN 10

102
Q

What does a sympathetic stimuli cause in the heart?

A

increased heart rate and vasoconstriction

103
Q

What does a parasympathetic stimuli cause in the heart?

A

decreased heart rate and vasodilation

104
Q

Where does the subclavian vein drain into?

A

brachiosephalic trunk

105
Q

Where does the azygous vein drain into?

A

superior vena cava

106
Q

What drains into the azygous vein?

A

intercostal azygous veins from neurovascularr bundles

107
Q

Internal throacic artery arises from which artery?

A

The subclavian artery

108
Q

What does the internal throacic artery supply?

A

The anterior portion of the intercostal spaces of the throacic cage

CRR anatomy 1 (6 decks)

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