Interim Exam 2 Flashcards
Münsterberg’s efforts did much to create:
applied psychology
According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was:
functional
Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the:
function of the mind
For James, the spiritual self:
consists of the person’s states of consciousness
James defined self-esteem as ______.
a ratio of things attempted to things achieved
Hall believed that masturbation ____.
can harm the quality of eventual offspring
In her studies of animal behavior (consciousness), Washburn’s use of controlled behavior to index mental events was similar to the approach of:
contemporary cognitive psychologists
Thorndike’s identical elements theory of transfer states that:
the extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations
Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____.
purposiveness
Which psychologist’s research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation?
Kenneth Clark
Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their:
consequences
Thorndike’s contention that learning occurred without ideation brought him very close to being a:
behaviorist
In his study and treatment of mentally ill individuals, Münsterberg attempted to strengthen the thoughts opposite to those causing his clients to have difficulties. He referred to this technique as:
reciprocal antagonism
For James, tender-minded individuals were ______.
rationalistic
Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct?
We strike a person and then become angry
What was James’s advice with regard to emotional experience?
Act the way you want to feel
During which stage of early American psychology was the statement “Psychology exists for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God” true?
Stage One: moral and mental philosophy
Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should:
furnish practical knowledge
Which of the following best describes the fate of functionalism?
It was absorbed into contemporary psychology and has, therefore, lost its identity.
According to James, a person could increase his or her self-esteem by:
both succeeding more and attempting less
Dewey believed that the goal of education should be to facilitate creative intelligence and:
prepare children to live effectively in a complex society
Which statement accurately describes a common theme among functionalist research?
Functionalists wanted psychology to include research on animals, children, and abnormal adults.
A major problem with the animal research performed by was that it depended on anecdotal evidence and was characterized by anthropomorphizing.
Romanes
For James, ____, but for Münsterberg, ____.
ideas cause behavior; behavior causes ideas
Who was the first African-American in the United States to earn a Ph. D. in psychology?
Francis Cecil Sumner
According to Carr, which of the following is a necessary part of an adaptive act?
A motive or need
Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. What is this idea called?
Recapitulation theory
According to James’s ____, all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study.
radical empiricism
Which of the following was of particular interest to Calkins?
Self-psychology
Dewey believed that the best way to learn is by:
engaging in the activities to be learned
Who performed the first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior?
Thorndike
According to ______, an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness.
pragmatism
Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?
She developed the paired-associate technique.
Thorndike’s ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it.
ORIGINAL law of effect
Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism?
Dewey
According to James, what keeps people working at boring jobs and also keeps the social strata from mixing?
Habit
Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude. What term best describes his approach?
Eclectic
For James, by controlling one’s _____, one controls one’s behavior.
Thoughts
James acknowledged that his concept of ____ was similar to the older concepts of “soul” or “spirit”.
self as knower
Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, or in what he called dynamic psychology.
Motivation
Due to Münsterberg’s interests and work, he is known as one of the first:
Forensic psychologists
Thorndike’s law of _____ stated that the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced.
Exercise
Terman believed that those with low intelligence:
could not be moral people
According to the Spencer–Bain principle, ______.
the probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if it is followed by painful outcome
In his research on hypnotism, effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were found to be due to:
suggestion
Which of the following is true of Galton’s “anthropometric laboratory”?
He studied male–female differences as well as the relationships among measures.
Which of the following is most consistent with the ideas of Herrnstein and Murray’s book The Bell Curve?
The best jobs with the highest pay go to the intellectual elite.
Spencer’s application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior is known as:
social Darwinism.
Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his survey of the knowledge and attitudes of 200 eminent scientists?
The environment, including families and schools, plays an important role in intellectual achievement.
The major conclusion from Terman’s study of genius was that:
gifted children became gifted adults.
The goal of the 1905 version of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence was to:
distinguish between normal and children with intellectual disabilities.
Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on:
his daughters
When Wissler evaluated Cattell’s measures of intelligence he found that they:
were neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college success.
The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by:
Stern
Which of the following was true of Spearman?
He believed intelligence is largely inherited.
Which of the following did Darwin believe?
The difference between humans and other animals is only one of degree.
When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be:
correlated.
Which of the following did Darwin believe about human emotions?
At one time in the course of human evolution, emotions aided in survival.
What term did Galton use for the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding?
Eugenics
What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?
Malthus’ Essay on the Principle of Population
The “Burt scandal” was based on the accusation that Burt ____.
fabricated data
Which of the following did Wechsler contribute to intelligence testing?
He resolved some of the psychometric issues in earlier intelligence measures.
One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with organized religion was over:
the age of the earth
Goddard’s study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that:
intelligence is largely inherited.
Which of the following did Burt believe?
The “g” or general factor of intelligence was largely inherited.
According to Darwin, there is a struggle for survival because _____.
there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment
Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test?
Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods.
Yerkes believed that immigration ____.
should be restricted so those with low intelligence could be refused.
Galton’s work has been described as idiographic. What does that mean?
He was interested in the study of individual differences.
What did Galton find about mental imagery?
The ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed.
Which field depends heavily on inclusive fitness in their explanation of human social behavior?
Sociogbiology
In what way did Terman revise the Binet–Simon scale of intelligence?
He added and deleted items until the average score for each age group was 100.
Which of the following situations best illustrates regression toward the mean?
Very tall parents tend to have children that are not quite as tall as they are.
Which of the following best summarizes Darwin’s view of the evolutionary process?
Evolution just happens.
Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely:
all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection.
Which of the following did Galton believe about individual differences?
If they are important, they should be measured.
According to Darwin, evolution resulted from the ____ of those accidental variations that proved to have survival value.
natural selection
Rousseau’s concept of ________ refers to the innate tendency to live harmoniously with one’s fellow humans.
the general will
According to Kierkegaard, God gives humans a way of dealing with the “absolute paradox” with:
faith
Rousseau supported Protestantism because:
God’s existence could be defended on the basis of individual feelings.
For the Romantics, a person who _________ was living the good life.
lived according to his or her own inner nature
According to Kierkegaard, the ________ stage consists people recognizing and accepting their freedom and entering into a personal relationship with God.
religious
For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that:
allows humans to reach their full potential and express free will.
According to Kierkegaard, in the ________ stage, people are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose.
aesthetic
Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects:
Controlled passion
The statement, “Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains” is associated with:
Rousseau
Rousseau’s book, Emile, was written about ________ in the form of a novel.
education
The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most important?
Irrational feelings
Rousseau believed that education should:
stimulate the development of a child’s natural impulses
Nietzsche believed that:
people are their own creation
According to Rousseau, all the governments of his time were based on the faulty assumption that:
humans need to be governed
According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied, we feel:
bored
According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes:
an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction.
Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good and evil?
Goethe
Schopenhauer believed that life is best viewed as:
the postponement of death.
Kierkegaard believed that the existence of ________ has to be taken on faith.
God
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had what in common?
A criticism of the organized church and science
For Rousseau, a noble savage was ________ referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n):
a hypothetical human who was uncontaminated by society
Goethe viewed science as:
useful but limited.
According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is:
a matter of choice
According to Kierkegaard, in the ________ stage, people accept the responsibilities of making choices, but use as their guide ethical principles established by others.?
ethical
Schopenhauer anticipated Freud’s concept of ____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art.
sublimation
Nietzsche’s ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy.
perspectivism
The Enlightenment is also referred to as the:
Age of Reason.
According to Rousseau, an effective government must be based on:
the general will
Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche believed they should be ____.
repressed; expressed
According to Schopenhauer, ____ suffer the most.
intelligent humans
Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the:
unconscious
Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom?
Aesthetic → ethical → religious
Goethe’s idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence on:
Jung
According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning?
A child’s natural interests
For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was:
the will to power
According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being is achieved when an individual decides to:
embrace God and take God’s existence on faith
At the heart of Nietzsche’s psychology is the tension between:
Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies.
Schopenhauer anticipated Freud’s concept of ____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art.
sublimation
Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because:
they fear death
Watson learned from Loeb that plants and simple animals, because of their biological makeup, respond automatically in characteristic ways to particular environmental stimuli. This automatic orienting response is called a(n) _____.
tropism
What is radical behaviorism?
The belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of internal events of any type
For Watson, the goal of psychology is to:
predict and control behavior
McDougall stated that all organisms are born with instincts that provide the motivation to act in certain ways. Instincts have three components. Which of the following is one of the three?
Perception
Which of the following is one of the four types of behavior Watson described?
Explicit learned behavior
The type of behavior studied by McDougall differed from that studied by Pavlov and Watson in that it was:
Purposive
Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work:
in physiology
With their research on the infant named Albert, Watson and Rayner demonstrated that:
emotions could be displaced to a stimuli other than those that had originally elicited the emotions
A belief in the importance of ____ formed the core of McDougall’s theory.
instincts
Watson allowed for some influence of genetics on personality by saying that ____ interacts with experience to produce specific behavior patterns.
bodily structure
When Watson finally outlined his behavioristic position, Titchener was not upset because he (Titchener) believed that:
Watson had described a technology of behavior that did not conflict with psychology proper
Concerning the treatment of children, Watson and Watson’s advice was to:
treat them as small adults
Pavlov believed that all central nervous activity could be described as either ____ or ____.
excitatory; inhibitory
Sechenov insisted that ____ causes all behavior.
external stimulation
Pavlov described the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment with the term _____.
cortical mosaic
What did McDougall include in his definition of psychology that Watson did not?
The study of human consciousness
Which of the following did Zing Yang Kuo find?
What might be thought to be an instinctive behavior, such as a cat killing a rat, is actually based on life experiences.
Which type of therapy did Watson and Jones create when they helped cure Peter of his fear of rabbits?
Behavior therapy
Pavlov called the stimuli (CSs) that come to signal biologically significant events the:
first-signal system
If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur.
extinction
Bechterev suggested that in studying humans, the methods of ____ should be employed.
the natural sciences
Pavlov is to conditioned reflex as Bechterev is to:
association reflex
If a period of time is allowed to elapse after extinction and the conditioned stimulus is again presented, the stimulus will elicit a conditioned response. This reappearance of the conditioned response is called:
spontaneous recovery
Pavlov resisted the systematic study of conditioned reflexes because:
of their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology
According to McDougall, most human social behavior is governed by:
sentiments
What did Watson and Lashley study collaboratively?
Migration of terns
Watson’s final position on instincts was that:
humans have no instincts
By systematically moving a feared rabbit closer and closer to Peter as he (Peter) ate lunch, Watson and Jones:
eliminated Peter’s fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects
One of McDougall’s major criticisms of Watson’s position is that it:
cannot account for the most satisfying human experiences
What was Watson’s final position on the mind-body problem?
Physical monism
Placing meat near a hungry dog will increase the dog’s saliva flow. This is an example of a(n) _____.
unconditioned stimulus
Watson and Lashley cooperated in “sports” research on archers showing that ____ enhanced performance more than ____ (Lashley, 1915).
distributed practice; massed practice
Pavlov called the words that come to symbolize reality “signals of signals” or the:
second-signal system
For Watson, thinking is:
internal speech
Which of the following did Watson’s objective psychology have in common with Russian objective psychology?
Rejection of introspection as a research tool
Pavlov’s dogs learned that the sound of a researcher’s footsteps meant that the dogs would soon be given meat powder. What used to be a neutral stimulus (the sound of researchers footsteps) then caused the dogs to salivate. Salivating at the sound of a person’s footsteps is an example of _____.
conditioned response (CR)
Whose concentration on the overt behavior of organisms was more relevant to U.S. behaviorism than was Pavlov’s research on secretion?
Bechterev
For Skinner, the environment is important because it:
selects behavior through reinforcement contingencies
For Tolman, independent variables are ____ and give rise to internal, unobservable events that, in turn, cause behavior.
environmental events
In all of the applications of Skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same?
Change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior.
For Skinner, behavior elicited by a known stimulus is called ____ behavior, and behavior that was simply emitted by an organism is called ____ behavior.
respondent; operant
The Skinnerian version of behavior therapy:
assumes that abnormal behavior is learned in the same way as any normal behavior
For Tolman, ____ was the same as ____.
molar behavior; purposive behavior
What was Guthrie’s one rule for breaking undesirable habits?
Observe the stimuli that elicit the behavior and perform another act in the presence of those stimuli.
Whereas Watson modeled his psychology after ____, Skinner modeled his after ____.
the Russian physiologists; Thorndike
Tolman defined performance as _____.
the translation of learning into behavior
The results of the experiment run by Tolman and Honzik in 1930 indicate that:
animals learn constantly but only translate what has been learned into behavior when there is an incentive to do so
How did Guthrie account for forgetting?
He believed that is resulted from the replacement of an old association with a new one.
How did Tolman feel about Watson’s and Thorndike’s explanations of learning?
He disagreed with both of them.
Skinner’s basic methodology was to allow an animal to respond freely in an experimental chamber and note the effect of ____ on ____.
reinforcement; response rate
Hull defined ____ as the number of reinforced pairings between a stimulus and a response.
habit strength
According to Guthrie, practice improves the performance of a skill because it:
allows many specific S-R associations to be formed
Which of the following exemplifies molecular behavior?
Salivating when a bell is rung
Concerning the mind-body problem, Skinner was a(n):
physical monist
Learning that has occurred but is not translated into behavior is called _____.
latent learning
According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it:
is reinforcing to the punisher
Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that:
nless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless
According to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that:
changes the rate with which a response is made
Tolman’s influence on contemporary psychology can be clearly seen in the work of the:
information-processing psychologists
Which of the following refers to the observation that “what is being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done”?
Law of contiguity
According to Guthrie, the effectiveness of punishment is determined by:
what it causes an organism to do in the presence of stimuli that elicit undesirable behavior
Which of the following have contemporary psychologists found to be true?
Overt behavior can be, and should be, used to index cognitive events.
According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to:
ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction
Logical positivism divided science into the empirical and the theoretical by combining _____.
rationalism and empiricism
During the early stages of hypothesis formation, an organism may ponder alternatives at the choice point. This apparent pondering is called:
vicarious trial and error
Which of the following did Comte believe?
Scientific laws are statements that summarize experiences.
Physicalism was the belief that _____.
all sciences should be unified and use a common language
In his hypothetic-deductive theory, Hull conceived of a process in which a(n):
set of postulates are created from which empirical relationships are predicted
According to Hull, the probability of a learned response was called ____ and was a function of both the amount of drive present and the number of times the response had been reinforced in the situation plus other intervening variables.
reaction potential
According to Tolman, the first thing an animal develops in a learning situation is to develop a mental representation of the environment. This mental representation is called a(n) _____.
cognitive map
Helmholtz changed slightly the color vision theory of ____ and supported it with experimental evidence.
Young
Using the method of ____, the subject is instructed to change a variable stimulus so that its magnitude appears to equal that of a standard stimulus. After this, the average difference between the variable stimuli and the standard is determined.
adjustment
For Müller, the type of stimulation to which a sensory system is most sensitive is known as ________.
adequate stimulation
Following in the path of Spinoza, Fechner believed that:
consciousness is as prevalent in the universe as is matter.
During his work on kinesthesis, Weber made the startling observation that the just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the standard weight. For lifted weights, that fraction is:
1/40.
Broca is best known for:
discovering a brain area responsible for a specific disorder.
Broca’s research in craniometry found erroneously that:
the brain is larger in eminent men and supposed superior races.
Concerning the rate of nerve conduction, Helmholtz found that:
it is measurable, and that it is fairly slow.
What provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology in the 17th and 18th century?
Physiology
Fechner attempted to quantify the variables that determine the extent to which a work of art is appealing. In so doing, he created the field of:
experimental aesthetics.
Helmholtz expressed amazement over the fact that:
sensory systems distort our knowledge of the physical world to such a great extent.
For Hering, space perception results from information from the retina about ________.
height, left-right position, and depth
Why is the Bell–Magendie law significant?
It demonstrated that specific mental functions are mediated by different anatomical structures.
Although Ladd-Franklin completed all of the requirements for her PhD in 1882, she was not granted the degree until 1926. The delay was because:
she was a woman.
What did Flourens’ brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology?
The cortical area of the brain functions as a whole.
Helmholtz found that when individuals who have been blind since birth acquire sight, they:
need to learn to perceive.
Kant and Helmholtz agreed that:
the perceiver transforms what the senses provide.
What is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events?
Psychophysics
What does phrenology examine to determine the strength of a person’s faculties?
The protrusions and depressions on the skull
Determining a person’s character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily structure, posture, and movement, is called:
physiognomy.
