Interim Exam 2 Flashcards
Münsterberg’s efforts did much to create:
applied psychology
According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was:
functional
Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the:
function of the mind
For James, the spiritual self:
consists of the person’s states of consciousness
James defined self-esteem as ______.
a ratio of things attempted to things achieved
Hall believed that masturbation ____.
can harm the quality of eventual offspring
In her studies of animal behavior (consciousness), Washburn’s use of controlled behavior to index mental events was similar to the approach of:
contemporary cognitive psychologists
Thorndike’s identical elements theory of transfer states that:
the extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations
Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____.
purposiveness
Which psychologist’s research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation?
Kenneth Clark
Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their:
consequences
Thorndike’s contention that learning occurred without ideation brought him very close to being a:
behaviorist
In his study and treatment of mentally ill individuals, Münsterberg attempted to strengthen the thoughts opposite to those causing his clients to have difficulties. He referred to this technique as:
reciprocal antagonism
For James, tender-minded individuals were ______.
rationalistic
Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct?
We strike a person and then become angry
What was James’s advice with regard to emotional experience?
Act the way you want to feel
During which stage of early American psychology was the statement “Psychology exists for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God” true?
Stage One: moral and mental philosophy
Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should:
furnish practical knowledge
Which of the following best describes the fate of functionalism?
It was absorbed into contemporary psychology and has, therefore, lost its identity.
According to James, a person could increase his or her self-esteem by:
both succeeding more and attempting less
Dewey believed that the goal of education should be to facilitate creative intelligence and:
prepare children to live effectively in a complex society
Which statement accurately describes a common theme among functionalist research?
Functionalists wanted psychology to include research on animals, children, and abnormal adults.
A major problem with the animal research performed by was that it depended on anecdotal evidence and was characterized by anthropomorphizing.
Romanes
For James, ____, but for Münsterberg, ____.
ideas cause behavior; behavior causes ideas
Who was the first African-American in the United States to earn a Ph. D. in psychology?
Francis Cecil Sumner
According to Carr, which of the following is a necessary part of an adaptive act?
A motive or need
Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. What is this idea called?
Recapitulation theory
According to James’s ____, all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study.
radical empiricism
Which of the following was of particular interest to Calkins?
Self-psychology
Dewey believed that the best way to learn is by:
engaging in the activities to be learned
Who performed the first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior?
Thorndike
According to ______, an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness.
pragmatism
Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?
She developed the paired-associate technique.
Thorndike’s ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it.
ORIGINAL law of effect
Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism?
Dewey
According to James, what keeps people working at boring jobs and also keeps the social strata from mixing?
Habit
Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude. What term best describes his approach?
Eclectic
For James, by controlling one’s _____, one controls one’s behavior.
Thoughts
James acknowledged that his concept of ____ was similar to the older concepts of “soul” or “spirit”.
self as knower
Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, or in what he called dynamic psychology.
Motivation
Due to Münsterberg’s interests and work, he is known as one of the first:
Forensic psychologists
Thorndike’s law of _____ stated that the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced.
Exercise
Terman believed that those with low intelligence:
could not be moral people
According to the Spencer–Bain principle, ______.
the probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if it is followed by painful outcome
In his research on hypnotism, effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were found to be due to:
suggestion
Which of the following is true of Galton’s “anthropometric laboratory”?
He studied male–female differences as well as the relationships among measures.
Which of the following is most consistent with the ideas of Herrnstein and Murray’s book The Bell Curve?
The best jobs with the highest pay go to the intellectual elite.
Spencer’s application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior is known as:
social Darwinism.
Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his survey of the knowledge and attitudes of 200 eminent scientists?
The environment, including families and schools, plays an important role in intellectual achievement.
The major conclusion from Terman’s study of genius was that:
gifted children became gifted adults.
The goal of the 1905 version of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence was to:
distinguish between normal and children with intellectual disabilities.
Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on:
his daughters
When Wissler evaluated Cattell’s measures of intelligence he found that they:
were neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college success.
The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by:
Stern
Which of the following was true of Spearman?
He believed intelligence is largely inherited.
Which of the following did Darwin believe?
The difference between humans and other animals is only one of degree.
When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be:
correlated.
Which of the following did Darwin believe about human emotions?
At one time in the course of human evolution, emotions aided in survival.
What term did Galton use for the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding?
Eugenics
What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?
Malthus’ Essay on the Principle of Population
The “Burt scandal” was based on the accusation that Burt ____.
fabricated data
Which of the following did Wechsler contribute to intelligence testing?
He resolved some of the psychometric issues in earlier intelligence measures.
One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with organized religion was over:
the age of the earth
Goddard’s study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that:
intelligence is largely inherited.
Which of the following did Burt believe?
The “g” or general factor of intelligence was largely inherited.
According to Darwin, there is a struggle for survival because _____.
there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment
Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test?
Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods.
Yerkes believed that immigration ____.
should be restricted so those with low intelligence could be refused.
Galton’s work has been described as idiographic. What does that mean?
He was interested in the study of individual differences.
What did Galton find about mental imagery?
The ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed.
Which field depends heavily on inclusive fitness in their explanation of human social behavior?
Sociogbiology
In what way did Terman revise the Binet–Simon scale of intelligence?
He added and deleted items until the average score for each age group was 100.
Which of the following situations best illustrates regression toward the mean?
Very tall parents tend to have children that are not quite as tall as they are.
Which of the following best summarizes Darwin’s view of the evolutionary process?
Evolution just happens.
Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely:
all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection.
Which of the following did Galton believe about individual differences?
If they are important, they should be measured.
According to Darwin, evolution resulted from the ____ of those accidental variations that proved to have survival value.
natural selection
Rousseau’s concept of ________ refers to the innate tendency to live harmoniously with one’s fellow humans.
the general will
According to Kierkegaard, God gives humans a way of dealing with the “absolute paradox” with:
faith
Rousseau supported Protestantism because:
God’s existence could be defended on the basis of individual feelings.
For the Romantics, a person who _________ was living the good life.
lived according to his or her own inner nature
According to Kierkegaard, the ________ stage consists people recognizing and accepting their freedom and entering into a personal relationship with God.
religious
