Chapter One

Question 1

The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called

Answer 1

naive realism

Question 2

Nativist is to ___ as empiricist to ___

Answer 2

inheritance; experience

Question 3

The study of knowledge is called:

Answer 3

epistemology

Question 4

Dating the preparadigmatic stage of the development of a science:

Answer 4

rival camps compete with each other for dominion of the discipline

Question 5

Popper considered Freud’s psychoanalytic theories to be ___ because no matter what happened, the psychoanalyst could claim that the observed behavior supported the theory

Answer 5

weak

Question 6

The ___ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes

Answer 6

determinist

Question 7

Some believe that although cognitive events are a result of brain activity, such events cannot cause behavior. Such a belief represents

Answer 7

epiphenomenalism

Question 8

What is the approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea throughout the years

Answer 8

historical development approach

Question 9

The view that cognitive events that emerge from brain activity can cause behavior is representative of:

Answer 9

interactionism

Question 10

According to Khun, what happens during the revolutionary stage of science?

Answer 10

An existing paradigm is replaced by a new paradigm

Question 11

A clinical psychologist has determined that if a patient takes a particular drug, then that patient will cease having a particular troubling symptom. This psychologist has identified a ____

Answer 11

causal law

Question 12

A researcher notices that there is a relationship between stress and sleep such that as stress increases, sleep decreases, but the researcher doesn’t know if lack of sleep causes more stress or if higher stress levels cause people to sleep less. The relationship the researcher identified can best be described as a ___.

Answer 12

correlational law

Question 13

According to Khun, what happens during the paradigmatic stage of science?

Answer 13

Puzzle-solving activity occurs

Question 14

Science has two major components:

Answer 14

empirical observation and theory

Question 15

A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n):

Answer 15

indeterminist

Question 16

Why is it important to study the history of psychology?

Answer 16

For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes

Question 17

Zeitgeist means:

Answer 17

The spirit of the times

Question 18

A contemporary and popular way of explaining mind-body relationships that claims mental states emerge from brain activity is called:

Answer 18

emergentism

Question 19

Which statement best describes Popperian science?

Answer 19

Science is an unending search for better and better solutions to problems

Question 20

Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called:

Answer 20

postdiction

Question 21

___ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior

Answer 21

Irrationalism

Question 22

The ___ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes

Answer 22

determinist

Question 23

The approach to writing a history of psychology that takes the best from a variety of viewpoints is referred to as:

Answer 23

the eclectic approach

Question 24

Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions?

Answer 24

nondeterminist and soft determinist

Question 25

Persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain are called:

Answer 25

anomalies

Question 26

Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science?

Answer 26

Rationalism and empiricism

Question 27

According to Popper, the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific because they:

Answer 27

make postdictions rather than predictions

Question 28

According to Popper, the highest status that a scientific theory can attain is:

Answer 28

not yet disconfirmed

Question 29

Which school of thought contends that there are no general laws that govern everything in the universe, or if there are, they can never be known?

Answer 29

relativism

Question 30

The position on the mind-body question claiming that mental and bodily events are coordinated through God’s intervention is called:

Answer 30

occasionalism

Question 31

Which of the following represents a dualistic position on the mind-body question?

Answer 31

epiphenomenalism

Question 32

The belief that humans have free will would be proposed by a(n) :

Answer 32

nondeterminist

Question 33

Historicism refers to the belief that:

Answer 33

the past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present

Question 34

The position that states that mental and physiological reactions are two aspects of the same experience and cannot be separated is called:

Answer 34

double aspectism

Question 35

According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs, values, assumptions, and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists is called:

Answer 35

a paradigm

Question 36

A consistently observed relationship between two or more classes of empirical events defines a :

Answer 36

scientific law

Question 37

Yuki believes that living things contain a vital force that does not exist in inanimate objects, and living things can never be reduced down to mechanical laws. Which school of thought best reflects Yuki’s ideas?

Answer 37

vitalism

Question 38

Popper disagreed with the traditional view that scientific activity starts with:

Answer 38

empirical observation

Question 39

For Popper, a nonscientific theory:

Answer 39

can still be useful

Question 40

Which statement would Thomas Kuhn most likely support?

Answer 40

“Science is a highly subjective enterprise.”

Question 41

Popper saw the scientific method as involving three stages:

Answer 41

Problems, theories, and criticism