Chapter One Flashcards
The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called
naive realism
Nativist is to ___ as empiricist to ___
inheritance; experience
The study of knowledge is called:
epistemology
Dating the preparadigmatic stage of the development of a science:
rival camps compete with each other for dominion of the discipline
Popper considered Freud’s psychoanalytic theories to be ___ because no matter what happened, the psychoanalyst could claim that the observed behavior supported the theory
weak
The ___ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes
determinist
Some believe that although cognitive events are a result of brain activity, such events cannot cause behavior. Such a belief represents
epiphenomenalism
What is the approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea throughout the years
historical development approach
The view that cognitive events that emerge from brain activity can cause behavior is representative of:
interactionism
According to Khun, what happens during the revolutionary stage of science?
An existing paradigm is replaced by a new paradigm
A clinical psychologist has determined that if a patient takes a particular drug, then that patient will cease having a particular troubling symptom. This psychologist has identified a ____
causal law
A researcher notices that there is a relationship between stress and sleep such that as stress increases, sleep decreases, but the researcher doesn’t know if lack of sleep causes more stress or if higher stress levels cause people to sleep less. The relationship the researcher identified can best be described as a ___.
correlational law
According to Khun, what happens during the paradigmatic stage of science?
Puzzle-solving activity occurs
Science has two major components:
empirical observation and theory
A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n):
indeterminist
Why is it important to study the history of psychology?
For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes
Zeitgeist means:
The spirit of the times
A contemporary and popular way of explaining mind-body relationships that claims mental states emerge from brain activity is called:
emergentism
Which statement best describes Popperian science?
Science is an unending search for better and better solutions to problems
Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called:
postdiction
___ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior
Irrationalism
The ___ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes
determinist
The approach to writing a history of psychology that takes the best from a variety of viewpoints is referred to as:
the eclectic approach
Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions?
nondeterminist and soft determinist
Persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain are called:
anomalies
Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science?
Rationalism and empiricism
According to Popper, the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific because they:
make postdictions rather than predictions
According to Popper, the highest status that a scientific theory can attain is:
not yet disconfirmed
Which school of thought contends that there are no general laws that govern everything in the universe, or if there are, they can never be known?
relativism
The position on the mind-body question claiming that mental and bodily events are coordinated through God’s intervention is called:
occasionalism
Which of the following represents a dualistic position on the mind-body question?
epiphenomenalism
The belief that humans have free will would be proposed by a(n) :
nondeterminist
Historicism refers to the belief that:
the past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present
The position that states that mental and physiological reactions are two aspects of the same experience and cannot be separated is called:
double aspectism
According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs, values, assumptions, and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists is called:
a paradigm
A consistently observed relationship between two or more classes of empirical events defines a :
scientific law
Yuki believes that living things contain a vital force that does not exist in inanimate objects, and living things can never be reduced down to mechanical laws. Which school of thought best reflects Yuki’s ideas?
vitalism
Popper disagreed with the traditional view that scientific activity starts with:
empirical observation
For Popper, a nonscientific theory:
can still be useful
Which statement would Thomas Kuhn most likely support?
“Science is a highly subjective enterprise.”
Popper saw the scientific method as involving three stages:
Problems, theories, and criticism
