Final Exam Flashcards
(526 cards)
1
Q
According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs, values, assumptions, and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists is called:
A
a paradigm
2
Q
If the reason why a bicycle was created was to transport a person from point A to point B, that purpose of a bicycle is its _____ cause.
A
final
3
Q
Hume considered ________ as the only type of knowledge that can effectively guide our conduct in the world.
A
demonstrative knowledge
4
Q
Empedocles assumed that perception results when:
A
eidola enters the pores of the body and mixes with elements found in the blood
5
Q
Popper saw the scientific method as involving three stages:
A
problems, theories, and criticism
6
Q
Popper disagreed with the traditional view that scientific activity starts with:
A
empirical observation
7
Q
What is true of Locke’s beliefs concerning the mind?
A
The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas.
8
Q
Panpsychism is the belief that:
A
everything in nature has consciousness (mental processes)
9
Q
According to Plato, whether one is a philosopher-king, a soldier, or a slave, is largely determined by:
A
biological inheritance
10
Q
What term did Herbart use to describe the force that holds ideas incompatible with the apperceptive mass in the unconscious?
A
Repression
11
Q
Pantheism is the belief that:
A
God is everywhere and in everything
12
Q
According to Hegel, when one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle.
A
Thesis
13
Q
St. Augustine believed that ________.
A
people could be forgiven for sin through confession
14
Q
According to the Hippocratics, physicians assign supernatural causes to a disease in order to:
A
mask their ignorance concerning the nature of the disease
15
Q
With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed?
A
Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain.
16
Q
With regard to the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a(n):
A
physical monist
17
Q
Descartes believed that innate ideas:
A
are revealed by God
18
Q
Aristotle’s philosophy was highly influential in ____ during the so-called Dark Ages.
A
the Arab world
19
Q
Herbart was one of the first to:
A
apply a mathematical model to psychology.
20
Q
For the Stoics, the basic moral choice a person makes is:
A
to act or not to act in accordance with nature’s plan
21
Q
The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a(n):
A
physis
22
Q
Which statement is most consistent with a Cynic’s point of view?
A
Anything natural is good.
23
Q
In analyzing human thinking, Avicenna started with five external senses then postulated:
A
seven internal senses
24
Q
Viewing all of nature as though it were alive is called:
A
animism
25
The allegory of the cave demonstrates:
how difficult it is to deliver humans from ignorance
26
Science has two major components:
empirical observation and theory
27
Who was one of the first Western philosophers to make a comprehensive review of both Aristotle’s works and the Islamic and Jewish scholars’ interpretations of them?
Magnus
28
What was Kant’s categorical imperative?
The principle that should govern moral behavior
29
According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must:
be perceived
30
Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by:
philosopher-kings
31
Plato’s theory of forms is best represented by the statement: The cats that we see are:
inferior copies of an abstract pure idea of “catness”
32
Hobbes' theory of human motivation was:
hedonistic
33
Hartley's account of association was different from those that preceded his because it:
attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity
34
Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature.
empirical philosophy; Newtonian science
35
According to Plato, the supreme goal in life should be to:
free the soul as much as possible from the adulterations of the flesh
36
What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior?
passions
37
Comte and Mach had in common the belief that:
metaphysical speculation must be avoided
38
Direct realism is________.
the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it
39
The study of knowledge is called:
epistemology
40
After visiting with Galileo, Hobbes became convinced that:
humans could be completely understood employing only the concepts of matter and motion
41
Reid viewed faculties of the mind as:
aspects of a unified mind.
42
Which of the following is true of Averroës’ philosophy?
It was basically Aristotelian.
43
According to Berkeley, external reality exists because:
God perceives it
44
La Mettrie believed that if Descartes had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that:
both human and nonhuman animals are machines
45
The position on the mind-body question claiming that mental and bodily events are coordinated through God's intervention is called:
occasionalism
46
Galileo was among the first to suggest that:
a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible
47
Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from:
feelings of pleasure and pain
48
According to the text, what was a criticism of monadology?
It asserted that because God created the world, it cannot be improved on.
49
What would Copernicus say is the only justification for accepting his heliocentric theory?
It explains known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order.
50
According to Popper, what distinguishes a scientific theory from a nonscientific theory?
the principle of falsifiability
51
Giordano Bruno would most likely agree with which statement?
“The sun is divine.”
52
According to St. Agustin, ________.
people are free to choose between good and evil
53
What was a goal of St. Thomas Aquinas?
To strengthen the position of the church through reason
54
According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____.
create ideas of physical attributes; create ideas with no physical counterpart
55
According to Khun, what happens during the paradigmatic stage of science?
Puzzle-solving activity occurs.
56
According to Clements (1967), which Renaissance humanist is correctly paired with their area of great influence?
Vives and psychology
57
According to John Stuart Mill, ________ create variations in observable phenomena that cause predictions to be probabilistic rather than certain.
secondary laws
58
What factor most influenced Kepler’s acceptance of Copernicus's heliocentric theory?
Kepler was a Platonist seeking mathematical simplicity and harmony.
59
The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called:
naive realism
60
For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas into complex ideas is:
association
61
Because Aristotle assumed that everything in nature exists for a purpose, his theory is labeled:
teleological
62
Copernicus argued for the ________ theory.
heliocentric
63
Which famous psychologist later adopted Bacon's approach to science?
Skinner
64
Plato’s analogy of the divided line illustrates:
a hierarchy of understanding
65
According to Aquinas, predestination maintains that:
God has preordained which people will be granted salvation
66
Before Thomas Kuhn, scientific activity was guided by the:
correspondence theory of truth
67
What did the Stoics consider to be the highest virtue?
Courage in the face of danger
68
Which of the following did St. Paul add to the Judaic tradition?
God sacrificed his son to atone for our shared transgression, otherwise known as original sin, which allows humans to reunite with God.
69
Who had a huge influence on Plato’s thinking in different stages of his life?
Socrates and the Pythagoreans
70
Nativist is to ____ as empiricist to ____.
inheritance; experience
71
Who preferred naturalistic explanations to supernatural ones and earned the title, “Destroyer of Religion”?
Epicurus
72
During the preparadigmatic stage of the development of a science:
rival camps compete with each other for dominion of the discipline
73
Descartes explained all animal behavior and much human behavior in terms of ____ principles.
mechanical
74
According to ____, the best government is one that provides the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people.
utilitarianism
75
J. S. Mill believed that discrimination against women is:
basically wrong
76
Popper considered Freud's psychoanalytic theories to be _______ because no matter what happened, the psychoanalyst could claim that the observed behavior supported the theory.
weak
77
The ____ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes.
determinist
78
Some believe that although cognitive events are a result of brain activity, such events cannot cause behavior. Such a belief represents:
epiphenomenalism
79
What is the approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea throughout the years?
historical development approach
80
The view that cognitive events that emerge from brain activity can cause behavior is representative of:
interactionism
81
According to Khun, what happens during the revolutionary stage of science?
An existing paradigm is replaced by a new paradigm.
82
A clinical psychologist has determined that if a patient takes a particular drug, then that patient will cease having a particular troubling symptom. This psychologist has identified a _____.
causal law
83
A researcher notices that there is a relationship between stress and sleep such that as stress increases, sleep decreases, but the researcher doesn't know if lack of sleep causes more stress or if higher stress levels cause people to sleep less. The relationship the researcher identified can best be described as a _____.
correlational law
84
A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n):
indeterminist
85
Why is it important to study the history of psychology?
For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes
86
Zeitgeist means:
the spirit of the times
87
A contemporary and popular way of explaining mind-body relationships that claims mental states emerge from brain activity is called:
emergentism
88
Which statement best describes Popperian science?
Science is an unending search for better and better solutions to problems.
89
Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called:
postdiction
90
____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior.
Irrationalism
91
The approach to writing a history of psychology that takes the best from a variety of viewpoints is referred to as:
the eclectic approach
92
Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions?
nondeterminist and soft determinist
93
Persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain are called:
anomalies
94
Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science?
rationalism and empiricism
95
According to Popper, the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific because they:
make postdictions rather than predictions
96
According to Popper, the highest status that a scientific theory can attain is:
not yet disconfirmed
97
Which school of thought contends that there are no general laws that govern everything in the universe, or if there are, they can never be known?
relativism
98
Which of the following represents a dualistic position on the mind-body question?
epiphenomenalism
99
The belief that humans have free will would be proposed by a(n):
nondeterminist
100
Historicism refers to the belief that:
the past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present
101
The position that states that mental and physiological reactions are two aspects of the same experience and cannot be separated is called:
double aspectism
102
A consistently observed relationship between two or more classes of empirical events defines a:
scientific law
103
Yuki believes that living things contain a vital force that does not exist in inanimate objects, and living things can never be reduced down to mechanical laws. Which school of thought best reflects Yuki's ideas.
vitalism
104
For Popper, a nonscientific theory:
can still be useful
105
Which statement would Thomas Kuhn most likely support?
“Science is a highly subjective enterprise.”
106
Which statement below accurately describes the social division in ancient Greek religion?
The Greek nobility were more likely to follow the Olympian religion whereas the peasants were more likely to follow the Dionysiac-Orphic religion.
107
Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty have in common.
inductive definition
108
The law of ____ states that if we think of something, we will also tend to recall the things we experienced along with it.
contiguity
109
The Neolithic Revolution refers to the time when humans _____.
transitioned from a nomadic life to building villages and cities
110
An ancient person believes that rocks, trees, streams, and rivers have human thoughts and emotions such as jealousy, love, and vengefulness. This person is practicing _____.
anthropomorphism
111
The Sophist position exemplifies _____ because the self can be aware of nothing but its own experiences and mental states.
solipsism
112
According to Aristotle, ____ is explained as the lingering effects of sensory experience.
imagination
113
Which statement best represents the beliefs of Gorgias?
There is no objective way of determining truth.
114
For Democritus, perception occurred when atoms emanating from the surface of objects entered the ____ and were transmitted to the ____.
sensory systems of the body; brain
115
The Hippocratics believed that physical illness was caused by:
an imbalance of the four bodily humors
116
The early physician, Alcmaeon, proposed:
that health resulted from a balance of qualities in the body
117
Protagorus, the best known Sophist, presented the Sophist’s position. Which of the following statements best represents his position?
Perceptions vary from person to person because previous experiences affect perceptions
118
According to Aristotle, the unmoved mover:
sets nature in motion and does little else
119
According to Aristotle, ____ is a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously experienced and ____ involves an actual mental search for a past experience.
remembering; recall
120
Which element of the Dionysiac-Orphic religion influenced Judaism and Christianity?
The transmigration of the soul
121
According to St. Augustine, evil exists because:
humans chose it
122
Who believed that so-called universals were nothing more than convenient verbal labels?
Nominalists
123
Occam’s views were widely taught and can be viewed as the beginning of:
empirical philosophy
124
Hedonism, according to Epicurus, is:
pleasure in having one’s basic needs satisfied and avoiding pain
125
During the period before the Renaissance, which of the following was true?
Superstition influenced most everyone from peasants to kings and the clergy.
126
The fact that St. Paul valued ____ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers.
faith above reason
127
According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because:
of the remnants of sensory experiences
128
Jesus can be best thought of as a(n):
simple man with focused goals
129
The main target of skepticism was dogmatism. A dogmatist is anyone who ________.
claims to have arrived at an indisputable truth
130
Which statement best reflects Kuhn’s views of the 14th and 15th centuries?
Anomalies began to arise with the Christian paradigm.
131
Who was given the nickname “Cynic,” and lived a self-sufficient, publicly outrageous life?
Diogenes
132
The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called:
Occam’s razor
133
Neoplatonism is a philosophy that emphasized the most ____ aspects of Plato’s philosophy.
mystical
134
Early Protestantism ________.
insisted on accepting the existence of God on faith alone
135
Luther's new religious movement that denied the authority of the pope was called:
Protestantism
136
Bacon relied primarily on ________ to develop his theories.
induction
137
Newton believed that his work:
revealed nature's secrets
138
Galileo used experiments to do which of the following?
Show the uselessness of metaphysics in science.
139
Which of the following phrases best captures the spirit of Renaissance humanism?
“We the people have the power to bring great change to the world.”
140
According to Bacon, the biases that result from being overly influenced by the traditional meanings of words constitutes the:
idols of the marketplace
141
Who were among the first to accept Copernicus's heliocentric theory?
The mathematicians who embraced Pythagorean-Platonic philosophy
142
Later in history, Bacon's approach to science was called:
positivism
143
According to Bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them to be constitutes the:
idols of the tribe
144
According to Erasmus, who is least likely to speak the truth?
philosophers
145
Newton believed that the universe:
operates according to principles that humans could discover
146
Pico argued that:
God had granted humans a unique position in the universe.
147
According to Bacon, blind allegiance to dogma, authority, or tradition constitutes the:
idols of the theater
148
What factor most influenced Kepler’s acceptance of Copernicus's heliocentric theory?
Kepler was a Platonist seeking mathematical simplicity and harmony.
149
A fundamental difference between the views of Erasmus and the views of Luther concerned the:
role of free will in religion
150
After a painful search, Descartes concluded that the only thing of which he could be certain was:
the fact that he doubted
151
Both Bacon and Descartes sought to develop a system of thought that:
was impervious to the doubts of the Skeptics
152
For Luther, what is the major reason for the downfall of Catholicism?
Catholicism assimilated Aristotelian philosophy.
153
According to Bacon, science should utilize:
only the direct observation of nature
154
How did Galileo's work cause a major philosophical shift concerning man's place in the world?
His work caused people to consider human experiences as inferior to the natural world.
155
Galileo can best be described as ________.
Platonic
156
Descartes believed that:
the mind is nonmaterial
157
According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality?
primary quality: size; secondary quality: color
158
Newton believed that ________.
there are no exceptions to natural laws
159
How did the Church react to Descartes's writings?
It banned his books.
160
In his explanation of physical events, Galileo emphasized:
forces external to physical events
161
For Locke, all ideas come from:
sensation and reflection
162
What was true of Comte's proposed utopian society?
The natural selflessness and the moral resolution of women was emphasized.
163
How did Hobbes feel about democracy?
He thought it was dangerous.
164
According to Helvétius, the contents of the mind were controlled by ________.
experience
165
Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day.
materialism
166
Which statement best describes Locke's philosophy toward education?
Children should be allowed to feel discomfort to prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life.
167
According to Hume, the mind is:
a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment
168
Hobbes believed that people________.
do not have free will
169
John Stuart Mill's concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others.
mental chemistry
170
James Mill maintained that any mental experience can be reduced to:
simple ideas
171
Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of:
Bacon
172
Scientism is the belief that ________.
the only valid knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that science can solve all human problems
173
Hobbes' approach to studying humans was:
deductive
174
Condillac felt that Locke:
gave the mind unnecessary innate powers
175
Herbart’s concepts of the unconscious, repression, and conflict most likely affected the theory of ____.
Freud
176
For Spinoza, free will:
is a fiction.
177
Kant stated that a mind without concepts would:
have no capacity to think.
178
According to Bernard, Spinoza’s belief in ____ did much to influence the development of scientific psychology.
psychic determinism
179
Kant believed that the categories of thought are:
innate
180
Who rejected Malebranche’s occasionalism and used the notion of preestablished harmony to explain the mind–body relationship?
Leibniz
181
For Hegel, the only true understanding is an understanding of:
the Absolute.
182
Which analogy best illustrates the concept of double aspectism?
The mind and the body are like two sides of a coin.
183
According to Reid, the mind reasons and the stomach digests food because:
they are innately designed to do so.
184
According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for:
the mind itself.
185
For Leibniz, sensory experience is important because it:
allows the potential ideas within us to become actualized.
186
Leibniz’s term for awareness was:
apperception
187
Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the views of faculty psychologists?
Faculty psychologists believe that a faculty of the mind is housed in a specific location in the brain.
188
According to Hegel, when one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle.
thesis
189
According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from:
experiences of pleasure and pain.
190
On the mind–body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only seems as if they do. This is called:
psychophysical parallelism.
191
According to Spinoza, finding clear ideas ________.
gives us pleasure
192
According to Kant, the experiences of space and time:
provide the context for all mental phenomena and are produced by innate categories of thought.
193
Perhaps the closest psychology has ever came to being a single-paradigm discipline has been during:
the Middle Ages
194
According to Popper, psychology’s persistent questions would be persistent even if they were scientific questions because:
scientific solutions can only attain the status of “not yet disconfirmed”
195
Which students of Wundt were most interested in individual differences and applied psychology in the United States?
Cattell, Hall, and Witmer
196
Neural network systems have been most successful at:
recognizing patterns and objects
197
Heidegger used the term ____ to indicate that a person and the world were inseparable.
Dasein
198
According to Freud, the ____ contains all instincts and is the driving force of personality.
id
199
Wittgenstein replaced the traditional concept of essence or universal with that of:
family resemblance
200
Mach demonstrated that:
some perceptions are independent of any particular cluster of sensory elements
201
Witmer is credited with which of the following?
Demonstrating how the principles from scientific psychology can help troubled individuals
202
The work of several individuals contributed to the improvement of physical surroundings and maintenance of the mentally ill. However, treatment was still lacking. Alexander and Selesnick suggested reasons for this poor treatment, such as:
fear of the mentally ill
203
Which statement below accurately describes a tenet of both existential and humanistic psychology?
Humans must be studied and understood as a whole person.
204
When stimuli are close together, they tend to be grouped together as a perceptual unit. This exemplifies the Gestalt principle of:
proximity
205
According to the sociobiologists, the social behavior of any individual is determined by:
both inherited dispositions (biology) and culture
206
During the 1920s and 1930s when several schools of thought existed in psychology, there was:
open hostility among members of the various schools
207
For information-processing psychologists, ____ replaces stimulus and ____ replaces behavior and response.
input; output
208
The German word Prägnanz has no exact English counterpart but an approximation is
precise
209
Hebb’s contention that neurons that are active together become associated was instrumental in the development of:
connectionism
210
The study of the structure and function of information-processing systems is _____.
cybernetics
211
Koch believes that it is more realistic to refer to the discipline of psychology as ____ rather than as ____.
psychological studies; the science of psychology
212
According to Buss, the sociobiological fallacy refers to:
the contention that we merely live to pass copies of our genes into the next generation
213
The study of ____ is especially important to ethologists.
species-specific behavior
214
Adler departed from Freudian theory with his concept of creative self, in which he claimed that _____.
humans did not need to be victims of their past, their environment, or their biological inheritance
215
According to Lewin, ____ believed that uniqueness (individual differences) was a distortion caused by external forces interfering with an organism’s natural growth tendencies.
Aristotle
216
What is the fundamental ego defense mechanism because it is involved in all of the other defense mechanisms?
Repression
217
Brentano’s concept of intentionality is the contention that ______.
mental acts always refers to objects or events outside of themselves
218
Who created the field that came to be known as information theory?
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
219
The recent interest in cognitive psychology spurred a renewed interest in:
faculty psychology and the mind-body problem
220
Bouchard reasoned that if intelligence and personality are largely determined by experience (nurture) then:
both fraternal and identical twins reared together would correlate highly on these traits
221
In the 1970s, information-processing psychologists combined their efforts to understand cognition with other professionals such as philosophers, linguists, engineers, and computer scientists, thus creating the field of:
cognitive science
222
According to Kelly, people are similar when they:
construe the world in similar ways
223
The ____ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of the malfunctioning of some aspect of the body, mainly the brain.
medical
224
Natural law is the 18th century belief that _____.
mental illness was punishment for a sinful life
225
What was one effect of World War I on the field of psychology?
Psychometric tests were used for the evaluation of soldiers.
226
According to the third-force psychologists, behaviorism neglected ____ and psychoanalysis focused on ____.
the uniqueness of humans; the abnormal
227
The behavioristic explanation of transposition offered by Spence emphasized:
the generalization of behavioral tendencies
228
According to humanistic psychology, we have to ____ as a frame of reference in order to realize our actualizing tendency.
use our own valuing process
229
Of prime importance to Husserl was that phenomenology:
be free of any preconceptions
230
What field is most interested in the transformation that information undergoes as it enters a communication system, as it operates within the system, and as it leaves the system?
Information theory
231
Buss disagrees with sociobiologists and argues that behaviors were selected in our evolutionary past because those behaviors _____.
solved problems
232
Anna Freud not only perpetuated her father’s ideas, she extended them into new areas such as:
child analysis
233
What is the ego’s job?
To match the wishes of the id with their counterparts in the physical environment
234
What is the procedure of chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape?
Trepanation
235
Which of the following statements accurately describes a criticism of humanistic psychology?
It is overly critical of behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and scientific psychology in general.
236
In general, phenomenology refers to any methodology that studies:
conscious experience as it occurs without attempting to reduce it to its component parts
237
The tension between pure, scientific psychology and applied psychology:
characterized psychology from its very inception and continues to do so
238
Clinicians began to create their own professional organizations when they did not receive recognition and status within the APA. What was the first organization of this type?
American Association of Clinical Psychologists
239
Developments in cybernetics, information theory, and computer technology combined to form the field of:
artificial intelligence (AI)
240
The collective energy associated with the instincts in the id is called the ____ and accounts for most human behavior.
libido
241
Which of the following was an accomplishment of Charcot?
He described a disease of the motor neurons, which is still called Charcot’s disease.
242
According to Hebb, a system of interrelated neurons that reflects recurring environmental events is called a(n) _____.
cell assembly
243
Husserl’s phenomenology soon expanded into:
existentialism
244
Heidegger said we come into conditions of our lives over which we have no control, such as male or female, rich or poor, our nationality. This he called:
thrownness
245
According to Hebb, when a cell assembly fires, we experience a(n):
thought of an environmental object
246
Gestalt psychology has much in common with _____.
cognitive psychology
247
Which is a characteristic of a self-actualizing person?
They are creative.
248
As an example of how U.S. psychologists were making a mistake in their widespread acceptance of operationalism, Köhler pointed to the operational definition of _____ in terms of _____.
intelligence; intelligence tests
249
The founder of the Nancy School of hypnosis was:
Liébeault
250
Jean Piaget’s major contribution to the field of psychology was:
characterizing the evolution of schemata during maturation and through experience
251
It is generally agreed that an article by Allen Newell, J. Shaw, and Herbert Simon in 1958 marked the transition between artificial intelligence and information-processing psychology by claiming they had _____.
developed computer programs that solved problems the way humans do
252
May refers to the fact that humans are both the objects and subjects of experience as the:
human dilemma
253
Who is usually recognized as the person most responsible for making humanistic psychology a formal branch of modern psychology?
Maslow
254
Who developed the concept of “language games”?
Wittgenstein
255
Roger Sperry and his colleagues discovered that information could be transferred from one cerebral hemisphere to the other via the:
corpus callosum and optic chiasm
256
Who developed a cognitive development theory and is considered an even more prolific writer than Wundt?
Piaget
257
Which of the following has been a common element found in all forms of psychotherapy through the centuries?
Some form of ritual
258
In the case of cognitive experience, the important point for Gestalists is that _____.
fields of brain activity transform sensory data and give that data characteristics it otherwise would not possess
259
In 1946, the APA published a new journal as the voice of a new, unified psychology. What was this journal?
American Psychologist
260
Which of the following is considered a reaction to the Enlightenment belief in abstract universal principles?
James’s radical empiricism and pragmaticism
261
When one has mixed feelings about one goal, what type of conflict is this?
Approach-avoidance conflict
262
Bouchard and his colleagues found the heritability for personality traits to be about ____ and for religious interest, attitudes, and values to be about ____.
0.50; 0.50
263
The compliant type uses the major adjustment pattern of:
moving toward people
264
In the United States, who visited 18 states within a three-year period, bringing about institutional reforms in most of those states?
Dix
265
Within psychology in the United States, interests in individual differences and ____ have always been closely related.
applied psychology
266
The Brelands referred to the interference or displacement of learned behavior by instinctive behavior as:
instinctual drift
267
Who stated that, “All past beliefs about nature have sooner or later turned out to be false. On the record, therefore, the probability that any currently proposed belief will fare better must be close to zero?”
Thomas Kuhn
268
Kraepelin thought that most mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, were _____.
incurable because they were caused by constitutional factors
269
Who is credited as the first to discover the processes of sublimation, repression, and resistance?
Schopenhauer
270
Although connectionism in the neural network model has been well accepted, it does have its critics. Who, in spite of supporting the Computational Theory of Mind (CTM), has written about the limits in explaining human cognition through any computational model?
Jerry Fodor
271
The naturalistic and humane treatment of patients that was inspired by Hippocrates and Galen lasted until the:
collapse of the Roman Empire
272
According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one’s life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency but to terminate or avoid those that are not.
organismic valuing process
273
Who noted the effectiveness of herbal remedies in treating mental and physical disorders and claimed that health resulted when people were in harmony with the “universal spirit”?
Paracelsus
274
According to the Turing test:
if an observer cannot differentiate between the answers to questions given by a human and those given by a computer, the computer can be said to think
275
In 1960, Donald Hebb referred to the American revolution in psychology. According to Hebb, only one phase of the American revolution in psychology had taken place at that time:
the behavioristic movement
276
Who suggested a threshold above which an idea is conscious and below which an idea is unconscious, and proposed a conflict model of the mind according to which ideas struggle for conscious expression?
Herbart
277
According to Sternberg and Grigorenko, what creates unproductive diversity within psychology?
The tendency of psychologists to identify with a specific perspective or methodology
278
Koffka believed that each environmental event we experienced gave rise to specific activity in the brain that he called a ____; in addition, he called a remnant of this a ____.
memory process; memory trace
279
According to Russell and Medawar, psychology’s persistent questions are most appropriately addressed _____ rather than_____.
philosophically; scientifically
280
As the influence of _____ diminished, there arose a resurgence of interest in internal causes for behavior, such as the psychobiological research done by Karl Lashley.
radical behaviorism
281
Lashley’s search for the engram:
was unsuccessful
282
When conditions of worth replace the organismic valuing process as a guide for living, the person becomes:
incongruent
283
The law of Prägnanz asserts that _____.
all cognitive experiences will tend to be as organized, symmetrical, simple, and regular as they can be, given the pattern of brain activity at any given moment
284
Breuer observed that every time he traced a symptom to its origin, it was usually a traumatic experience that caused physical symptoms. These are known as ____ ideas.
pathogenic
285
Postmodernism has been described as _____.
radical relativism
286
According to Wittgenstein, disputes among philosophers and psychologists typically occur when:
there are debates over linguistic practices
287
According to Köhler, patterns of brain activity and patterns of conscious experience are always structurally equivalent. This described the Gestalt concept of:
psychophysical isomorphism
288
According to May, the person experiencing neurotic anxiety ____.
conforms to tradition, religious dogma, the expectation of others, or anything else that reduces his or her need to make personal choices
289
The Gestaltists took a _____ approach to studying consciousness.
molar
290
Who founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard in 1960?
George Miller and Jerome Bruner
291
A neural network that proposes that the strengths of the connections among units that are active together are increased by mathematically increasing their weights is referred to as:
Hebb’s rule
292
Benjamin Rush argued that:
people with mental illness should experience fresh air
293
In their research on group dynamics, Lewin, Lippitt, and White found the ____ group to be highly aggressive.
authoritarian
294
Lashley did pioneering ethological research with:
Watson
295
Because Breuer found that Anna O.’s condition improved following the emotional release that came from expressing a pathogenic idea, his treatment is called:
the cathartic method
296
Within a neural network model, learning is explained in terms of changing patterns of:
excitation and inhibition
297
The founder of sociobiology was:
Wilson
298
Estimates show that about 70% of the membership of the American Psychological Association (APA) identify themselves as _____.
health care providers
299
Wertheimer demonstrated that explanations of apparent movement based on learning were not plausible by showing that:
the phi phenomenon occurs in two directions at the same time
300
What important lesson did Freud learn from Charcot?
Psychological disorders can cause physical problems.
301
With their notion of psychophysical isomorphism, the Gestaltists opposed the:
constancy hypothesis
302
The Gestaltists viewed the brain as
a dynamic configuration of forces that transforms sensory information
303
Lashley:
initially sought to support Watsonian behaviorism with neurophysiological evidence
304
According to Freud’s theory, what is an anal-expulsive character like?
Generous, messy, or wasteful
305
Seligman has found that:
for any given species of animal, some associations are easier to learn than others
306
Chomsky radically changed the course of psychology by showing that:
language acquisition cannot be explained using operant principles
307
Which of the following is true of the Hippocratics?
They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of both physical and mental illness.
308
According to the text, psychology’s persistent questions are persistent because:
they are philosophical questions
309
The training that Witmer envisioned for clinical psychology was most compatible with the education leading to which of the following degrees?
Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD)
310
According to David Barash, what is a biogrammar?
An inherited structure that predisposes organisms toward certain kinds of social activities
311
The professional relationship between Watson and Lashley was strained because:
Lashley’s research did not support Watson’s switchboard conception of the brain
312
Gestalt psychology can be seen as an effort to model psychology after ____ instead of ____.
field theory; Newtonian physics
313
In their explanation of apparent movement, Wundt and Helmholtz emphasized ____, though their descriptions were different.
learning
314
During Witmer’s time, what were the prevailing attitudes toward applied psychology?
First came rigorous, scientific training; second came the attempt to apply scientific knowledge to practical problems.
315
What was the outcome of Mesmer’s proposal that 10 of his patients be treated by him and 10 be treated by members of the French Academy of Medicine, and then the results compared?
Mesmer’s proposal was rejected.
316
Wertheimer found that if the interval between light flashes is about 60 ms, it appears that _____.
one light is moving from one position to the other
317
Which of the following did Sartre mean by his statement, “Existence precedes essence”?
Humans have no essence at birth and therefore, they become what they choose to be.
318
Kelly called his approach to treatment:
fixed-role therapy
319
What term did Lewin use for intentions as wanting a car, wanting to go to college, or wanting to go to a party?
Both psychological needs and quasi-needs
320
What indicates how much of the variation among measures (e.g., test scores) is attributed to genetic influences?
Heritability
321
In 1937, members of the clinical division of the APA paired with the ACP (Association of Consulting Psychologists) to create the ____.
American Association of Applied Psychology
322
Bouchard and his colleagues found that the most important determinant of a person’s religious interests, attitudes, and values is:
genetics
323
Kelly believed that the major goal of scientists and nonscientists is the same, namely, to:
reduce uncertainty
324
Following in the path of Spinoza, Fechner believed that:
consciousness is as prevalent in the universe as is matter.
325
Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct?
We strike a person and then become angry
326
A man is hiking in the woods and a branch passes so close to his face that it brushes his eyelashes. The man quickly squeezes his eyes shut as soon as he senses the branch is touching his eye area. His reaction of squeezing his eyes shut is a(n) _____.
unconditioned response (UR)
327
Which of the following exemplifies molecular behavior?
Salivating when a bell is rung
328
Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____.
purposiveness
329
The major conclusion from Terman’s study of genius was that:
gifted children became gifted adults.
330
For James, ____, but for Münsterberg, ____.
ideas cause behavior; behavior causes ideas
331
Thorndike’s ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it.
original law of effect
332
According to Carr, which of the following is a necessary part of an adaptive act?
A motive or need
333
Who performed the first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior?
Thorndike
334
Which of the following best characterizes Cattell’s approach to intelligence?
He believed that systematic measurement was essential to the study of intelligence.
335
Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work:
in physiology
336
Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?
She developed the paired-associate technique.
337
Ebbinghaus is often mistaken for a(n) ____, but he was in fact a(n) ____.
empiricist; rationalist
338
Determining a person’s character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily structure, posture, and movement, is called:
physiognomy
339
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had what in common?
A criticism of the organized church and science
340
Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the:
absolute threshold.
341
What term did Brentano use to describe the fact that every mental act refers to something outside itself?
Intentionality
342
What was Guthrie’s one rule for breaking undesirable habits?
Observe the stimuli that elicit the behavior and perform another act in the presence of those stimuli.
343
According to Rousseau, an effective government must be based on:
the general will
344
Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. What is this idea called?
Recapitulation theory
345
During his work on kinesthesis, Weber made the startling observation that the just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the standard weight. For lifted weights, that fraction is:
1/40.
346
Using the method of ____, the subject is instructed to change a variable stimulus so that its magnitude appears to equal that of a standard stimulus. After this, the average difference between the variable stimuli and the standard is determined.
adjustment
347
Which of the following refers to the observation that “what is being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done”?
Law of contiguity
348
In their research on Albert, Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat, Albert also became fearful of _____.
other furry objects
349
According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being is achieved when an individual decides to:
embrace God and take God’s existence on faith.
350
Unlike perception, which is, ____ apperception is _____.
passive and automatic; active and voluntary
351
Wundt’s principle of ____ states that prolonged experiences of one type cause one to seek the opposite type of experience.
the development of opposites
352
According to James, a person could increase his or her self-esteem by:
both succeeding more and attempting less
353
According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is:
a matter of choice.
354
Which of the following statements is most closely associated with Angell?
Mind and body cannot be separated; they act as a unit in an organism’s struggle for survival.
355
Skinnerian principles have been used to create _____ in a number of institutions to help reinforce desirable behavior among patients.
token economies
356
Logical positivism divided science into the empirical and the theoretical by combining _____.
rationalism and empiricism
357
Terman believed that those with low intelligence:
could not be moral people.
358
At the heart of Nietzsche’s psychology is the tension between:
Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies.
359
The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that:
individual brain areas have specialized functions.
360
If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur.
extinction
361
Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to be ____, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____.
animalistic; good
362
According to your text, the most important concept that Sechenov introduced into psychology was:
inhibition
363
Which of the following best describes the fate of functionalism?
It was absorbed into contemporary psychology and has, therefore, lost its identity.
364
Rousseau believed that education should:
stimulate the development of a child’s natural impulses
365
Which statement accurately describes a common theme among functionalist research?
Functionalists wanted psychology to include research on animals, children, and abnormal adults.
366
What is Müller’s proposition that there are five types of sensory nerves, each containing a characteristic energy?
The doctrine of specific nerve energies
367
Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, or in what he called dynamic psychology.
motivation
368
According to Kierkegaard, in the ________ stage, people accept the responsibilities of making choices, but use as their guide ethical principles established by others.?
ethical
369
Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He attributed this increased sensitivity to:
Kinesthesis
370
To study mental acts and intentionality, Brentano used:
phenomenological methods.
371
What did Flourens’ brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology?
The cortical area of the brain functions as a whole.
372
Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on:
his daughters.
373
Why is the Bell–Magendie law significant?
It demonstrated that specific mental functions are mediated by different anatomical structures.
374
Who was the first to demonstrate retroactive inhibition?
Müller
375
McDougall stated that all organisms are born with instincts that provide the motivation to act in certain ways. Instincts have three components. Which of the following is one of the three?
Perception
376
The central concept on Wundt’s voluntarism was:
will
377
In his study and treatment of mentally ill individuals, Münsterberg attempted to strengthen the thoughts opposite to those causing his clients to have difficulties. He referred to this technique as:
reciprocal antagonism
378
Concerning the mind-body problem, Skinner was a(n):
physical monist
379
According to Wundt, sciences like physics were based on ____ experience, whereas psychology should be based on ____ experience.
mediate; immediate
380
Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the:
function of the mind
381
Who is generally thought to be the father of romanticism?
Rousseau
382
Helmholtz expressed amazement over the fact that:
sensory systems distort our knowledge of the physical world to such a great extent.
383
Pavlov believed that his work on the conditioned reflex discovered the physiological mechanism for what for centuries had been called ____ by philosophers and psychologists.
associationism
384
Because he believed learning occurs in one trial, ____ rejected the law of frequency in his explanation of learning.
Guthrie
385
What is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events?
Psychophysics
386
For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events.
why
387
How did Guthrie account for forgetting?
He believed that is resulted from the replacement of an old association with a new one.
388
The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by:
Stern
389
According to McDougall, most human social behavior is governed by:
sentiments
390
According to Darwin, evolution resulted from the ____ of those accidental variations that proved to have survival value.
natural selection
391
Goethe viewed ____ as the ultimate source of happiness.
liberty
392
The supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal has often been found to be nothing more than the animal’s responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the:
Clever Hans phenomenon.
393
Neobehaviorism combined behaviorism and _____.
logical positivism
394
Watson made ____ the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology.
overt behavior
395
For Stumpf, the proper objects of study for psychology are:
mental phenomena.
396
Regarding the mind–body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a(n):
psychophysical parallelist.
397
To study the higher mental processes, Wundt believed that we must use ____.
naturalistic observation of various forms
398
Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that:
unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless
399
Camouflage utilizes the Gestalt principle of:
inclusiveness
400
Which type of conflict is most difficult to resolve?
Approach-avoidance
401
According to the Gestaltists, when an organism was confronted with a problem, a ____ was set up and continued until the problem was solved.
cognitive disequilibrium
402
According to Lewin, a psychological fact was:
anything of which a person was aware at any given moment
403
According to the Zeigarnik effect, when subjects are allowed to complete some tasks but not others, ____.
the uncompleted tasks are remembered better than the completed tasks
404
Wertheimer discovered the phi phenomenon when investigating the idea that _____.
our perceptions are different from the sensations that comprise them
405
The “phi phenomenon” investigated by Wertheimer was the observation of:
apparent movement
406
In his book Productive Thinking, Wertheimer stated that the type of learning that occurs when mental associations, memorization, drill, and external reinforcement are employed is:
trivial
407
Like everything else they studied, the Gestaltists believed that memory was governed by:
the law of Prägnanz
408
Gestalt psychology incorporates the ideas of all of the following famous figures EXCEPT:
Wundt
409
Insightful learning occurs:
when the things necessary for a problem’s solution are present
410
Which of the following was considered a positive contribution of Gestalt psychology?
It demonstrated the organizational nature of perception.
411
Because of the principle of closure, _____.
incomplete figures are seen as complete
412
Gestalt psychology’s version of the transfer of training was called:
transposition
413
In their research on group dynamics Lewin, Lippitt, and White found the ____ group to be highly productive and friendly.
democratic
414
According to the Gestaltists’ idea of transposition, if an animal is trained to approach a medium gray card and to avoid a black card, and then is presented with a medium gray card along with a white one, the animal will tend to:
approach the white card
415
If a shadow falls on a white piece of paper, we still perceive the paper as white and not gray. This scenario illustrates _____.
perceptual constancy
416
The Gestaltists were reacting against _____.
elementalism
417
For the Gestaltists, the proper subject matter for psychology is ____, or mental experience as it occurs to the naïve observer.
phenomenological experience
418
According to the Gestaltists, what governs brain activity is:
the invariant dynamics that govern all physical systems
419
Köhler said that the brightness constancy exists because:
the ratio of the brightness of the figure to the brightness of the ground remains constant
420
Lewin distinguished between ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized inner essences and categories, and ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized external causation and dynamics of forces.
Aristotle’s; Galileo’s
421
According to Lewin, a person’s ____ consisted of all of the influences acting upon him or her at a given time.
life space
422
For Koffka, the ____ environment constituted the physical environment and the ____ environment constituted subjective reality.
geographical; behavioral
423
After Mesmer sank into obscurity as a result of a commission’s findings about his practices, which of the following men gave well-received lectures on animal magnetism in the United States?
Poyen
424
According to Szasz, the typical diagnosis of mental illness most often reflects ____.
a social judgment
425
Homeopathic magic was based upon the principle of _____.
similarity
426
Who was one of the first to systematically study the effects of drugs on various cognitive and behavioral functions?
Kraepelin
427
With the fall of the Roman Empire, how did the treatment of mental illness change?
The supernatural approach returned.
428
Contagious magic was based on the principle of _____.
contiguity
429
Who wrote a step-by-step rebuttal of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches’ Hammer) and referred to witch burning as “Godlessness”?
Weyer
430
The York Retreat was founded by ____; it provided freedom, respect, and medical treatment for the mentally ill and became a model for mental health institutions throughout the world.
Tuke
431
Which of the following is true of the Hippocratics?
They encouraged the naturalistic treatment of both physical and mental illness.
432
The fact that many people who will not respond to suggestion when alone with a physician will do so in a group is called:
the contagion effect
433
Kraepelin’s catalog of mental illnesses:
is the predecessor to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
434
The phenomenon in which an individual is told to perform some act while in a hypnotic trance and then actually performs the act after being roused from the trance is:
posthypnotic suggestion
435
Who made the phenomenon of neuro-hypnology (later shortened to “hypnosis”) respectable within the medical community?
Braid
436
The ____ model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is caused by such things as grief, conflict, and frustration.
psychological
437
According to Szasz, psychiatry can be a worthy profession if it:
helps clients better understand themselves, others, and life
438
As a treatment for the mentally ill, Pinel approved of ____ and argued effectively against the use of ____.
bathing and mild purgatives; the use of punishment and exorcism
439
Which of the following is true of Franz Mesmer?
He believed that redistributing a person’s magnetic force field could restore one’s health.
440
With the fall of the Roman Empire, how did the treatment of mental illness change?
The supernatural approach returned.
441
Hippocrates used which of the following treatments?
Proper diet
442
During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was generally taken as a sign of:
sinfulness and witchcraft
443
Which of the following best describes Charcot’s explanation of hysteria?
Traumatic experience causes certain ideas to become dissociated from consciousness where they become strong enough to cause hysterical symptoms.
444
Until the end of the 18th century, the most common way of treating mental and physical disorders was:
bloodletting
445
Who, even before Pinel, argued that the mentally ill should be spared physical restraint and harsh treatment?
Chiarugi
446
In Charcot’s time, most physicians dismissed hysteria as malingering because:
no organic cause could be found for its symptoms
447
While studying artificial somnambulism, Puységur discovered the phenomenon later called:
posthypnotic suggestion and posthypnotic amnesia
448
A person who makes a love potion using a lock of the desired person’s hair is using _____ magic.
homeopathic
449
Members of the Nancy School believed that hypnotizability was ____, whereas Charcot believed it to be ____.
perfectly normal; a sign of mental pathology
450
The ego is governed by the ____ principle.
reality
451
According to Freud, the Oedipus complex is the tendency for _____.
young males to desire their mothers and be jealous of their fathers
452
Freud concluded that every dream is a ____, meaning a symbolic expression of a desire that the dreamer could not express directly without experiencing anxiety.
wish fulfillment
453
For Jung, dream analysis:
helps determine which aspects of the psyche were being adequately expressed and which were not
454
Freud considered such things as poetry, art, religion, and baseball to be examples of:
sublimation
455
Anna Freud believed that the superego develops in the ____ stage, while Klein believed it develops in the ____ stage.
phallic; oral
456
For Jung, self-actualization was _____.
the harmonious blending of all aspects of the personality
457
According to Freud, what a dream appears to be about is its ____ content and what it is really about is its ____ content.
manifest; latent
458
Of all human relationships, Horney believed the relationship between ____ to be the most important.
parent and child
459
In dream analysis, displacement is when:
we dream of something symbolically similar to an anxiety-provoking event
460
Melanie Klein believed that children as young as two years of age could be psychoanalyzed by examining their:
play activities
461
According to the text, Freud’s most original contribution to psychology was the:
synthesizing of many known facts into a comprehensive theory of personality
462
In Freudian theory, what does it mean for a phenomenon to be overdetermined?
It has two or more causes.
463
During his early career, Freud first made a name for himself as a:
neuroanatomist
464
According to Melanie Klein, notions of good and bad, and right and wrong, come from:
an infant’s interactions with his or her mother’s breast during the oral stage
465
According to Jung, the anima provided ____.
the feminine component of the male personality and a framework within which males can interact with females
466
When does neurotic anxiety arise?
When the ego anticipates that it will be overwhelmed by the id
467
While in psychoanalysis, the patient stops short of realizing the crucial event. This is called:
resistance
468
The two major orientations or attitudes described by Jung are:
introversion and extroversion
469
A male is disturbed by his homosexual urges, and decides to have numerous sexual encounters with women. According to Freud, this exemplifies:
reaction formation
470
According to Anna Freud, when a person adopts the values of a feared person, it is called:
identification with the aggressor
471
According to Jung’s theory, meaningful coincidence means approximately the same as which of the following?
Synchronicity
472
Albert Camus is often associated with the existential idea of the absurd, which is that _____.
to search for life’s pre-ordained purpose is futile
473
When a person accepts values dictated by society (not those personally attained) as their own, he or she is experiencing:
self-alienation
474
According to Fromm, the first thing many individuals do when they discover their freedom is to:
escape from that freedom
475
What did Kelly find to be effective in treating individuals with emotional problems?
Anything that caused the clients to view themselves or their problems differently
476
Which of the following presents Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the proper order?
Physiological → safety → belonging and love → esteem → self-actualization
477
Most existentialists accept Nietzsche’s proclamation:
what does not kill me, makes me stronger
478
According to Heidegger, what goes hand in hand with freedom?
Anxiety and responsibility
479
Third-force psychology contrasts with most other types of psychology because:
it proposes that the most important cause of behavior is subjective reality
480
Rogers believed that any relationship conducive to personal growth must be characterized by which of the following?
Empathic understanding
481
Heidegger believed that when individuals exercise their freedom, they experience ____, and if they do not, they experience ____.
anxiety; guilt
482
Which of the following statements is accepted by both existential and humanistic psychology?
Elementism of any type gives a distorted view of humans.
483
May, like the other existentialists, believed that the most important fact about humans is that they are:
free
484
Which of the following statements describes a basic tenet of humanistic psychology?
Research should seek to uncover information that will help people.
485
The idea that the amount of loss of ability is related to the amount of destruction in the cortex (more than the location of the destruction) is called _____.
mass action
486
A brain that is a split-brain preparation has had:
its corpus callosum and optic chiasm ablated
487
A group of cell assemblies that becomes neurologically interrelated is a(n) _____.
phase sequence
488
Hebb proposed that childhood learning is best explained:
as a slow buildup of cell assemblies and phase sequences
489
Barash wrote the book The Whisperings Within. “Whisperings” refers to what?
Predispositions to act in certain ways
490
What does ethology focus on?
A specific category of an animal’s behavior in its natural habitat
491
According to Bouchard, any similarities in intelligence or personality between twins separated at birth must be due to:
genetic influences
492
According to Jerre Levy, which of the following is true?
In normal people under normal circumstances, the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain are inseparable.
493
Concerning the mind-body relationship, Sperry was a(n):
interactionist
494
The main influence of evolutionary theory upon psychology came through:
sociobiology
495
According to Hebb, the second phase of the American revolution in psychology would consist of:
using scientific rigor to study cognitive processes
496
A major difference between connectionism (neural networks) and good old fashioned AI (GOFAI) is that GOFAI systems ____ and neural networks ____.
reason about the information they contain; change associations based on experience
497
According to your text, the mind-body problem:
remains one of psychology’s persistent problems
498
When a person has incompatible ideas that motivate him or her to change beliefs or behavior, _____ exists.
cognitive dissonance
499
NETtalk exemplifies the type of neural network that utilizes:
back-propagation
500
Hebb’s rule states that:
if neurons are simultaneously active, the strength of their connections increases
501
Hebb’s preferred approach to studying cognitive processes was to speculate about:
their biological foundations
502
Neural networks based on Hebb’s rule ____; however, back-propagation systems ____.
are self-correcting; require a “teacher” to provide feedback about performance
503
Why is it inaccurate to say that psychology is becoming cognitively oriented?
With only a few exceptions, psychology has always been cognitively oriented.
504
Who would be most likely to view artificial intelligence (AI) as potentially useful in an effort to understand humans?
Methodological behaviorists
505
In which of Piaget’s stages of development do infants develop associations between sensations and actions?
The sensorimotor stage
506
Largely because of its relationship with phrenology, _____ came into disfavor among scientists and was essentially discarded.
faculty psychology
507
Bartlett in his book, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, demonstrated that:
memory is greatly influenced by personal, cognitive themes and schemas
508
Those supporting the Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D.) argue in favor of:
a clinical degree modeled after the Doctor of Medicine degree (M.D.)
509
The ideas of the Enlightenment:
brought an emphasis on experience and reason in the quest for knowledge
510
Psychoanalysis was the dominant form of therapy _____.
after World War II
511
Who stated that, “All past beliefs about nature have sooner or later turned out to be false. On the record, therefore, the probability that any currently proposed belief will fare better must be close to zero?”
Thomas Kuhn
512
Gilbert Ryle is famous for his distinction between ____ as it applies to human reasoning.
knowing how and knowing that
513
In 1988, a group of scientific psychologists protested the prevailing interests of the American Psychological Association (APA) by creating the:
American Psychological Society (APS)
514
Which statement would Gilbert Ryle most likely agree with regarding the mind-body problem?
You should not look at the brain to find the mind.
515
The belief that all things, including human behavior, can be explained by employing religious dogma is called _____.
premodernism
516
Estimates show that about 70% of the membership of the American Psychological Association (APA) identify themselves as _____.
health care providers
517
James argued that philosophers could be divided into two general groups: ____ and ____.
tender-minded; tough-minded
518
According to Sternberg and Grigorenko, what creates unproductive diversity within psychology?
The tendency of psychologists to identify with a specific perspective or methodology
519
The divisions of psychology listed by the APA today gives a clear indication of the:
diversity of the field
520
Which psychologist would posit that psychology is a science with a core content and widely accepted processes and principles?
Matarazzo
521
Many psychologists see psychology’s diversity as:
necessary, given the complexity of humans
522
For Wittgenstein, language:
creates reality
523
James argued that philosophers could be divided into two general groups: ____ and ____.
tender-minded; tough-minded
524
The first school independent of any college or university to offer the Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D.) was the:
California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP)
525
When psychologists began performing psychotherapy following World War II, they came into competition with:
psychiatrists
526
The original members of the American Psychological Association (APA) believed that anything in psychology worth applying to practical matters came from:
scientific psychology
