Intergenerational poverty and rights-based approach

Question 1

what is the difference between micro private and macro public transmission of intergenerational poverty?

Answer 1

micro private transmission: pov induced by social economic deprived background of parents
macro public transmission: too little resources from 1 gen to another (edu, health, housing)

Question 2

what is the difference between situational and intergenerational poverty?

Answer 2

situational: temporary life events
intergenerational: deep systematic causes compounds

Question 3

what are the micro causes of intergenerational poverty?

Answer 3

individual and household level

• household: access to resources (food, health, edu, parenting…)
• household composition (nuclear families -> higher income per capita)

Question 4

what are the meso causes of intergenerational poverty?

Answer 4

(so like social/society’s treatment?)
informal sector, discrimination in labour market
caste, class, ethnicity
- discrimination, exclusion (e.g. in labour market)
- religion: position of women, education…
- psycho-social issues
- armed conflict, criminality

Question 5

what are the macro causes of intergenerational poverty?

Answer 5

culture, ethnicity, international factors
Collier (the bottom billion)
- large-scale war and armed conflicts
- national resource trap + bad governance
- landlocked with bad neighbours
- demographic (e.g. ageing population, child mortality)

Question 6

what are the different theories on ageing?

Answer 6

Huenchuan and Rodriguez-Pinero

• functional theory on ageing
• political economic of ageing
• structural dependency theory

Question 7

what is the functional theory on ageing?

Answer 7

loss of functionality and detachment from society

Question 8

what are the political economics of ageing?

Answer 8

individual’s position in informal market at time of retirement influences quality of life

Question 9

what is the structural dependency theory?

Answer 9

organization of the production sector = dependency so ageing -> exclusion

Question 10

What is the Silent Revolution?

Answer 10

in Latin America and the Carribean

9% of population is older people

Question 11

is there a legal codification for older peoples’ rights?

Answer 11

• no legally binding instrument

- no coherent set of principles

Question 12

what is the advantage of taking a human-rights approach for older people?

Answer 12

puts the framework into international law (because it is a group with specific rights then)

Question 13

According to Evans and Palacios, are old older people or young older people poorer ?

Answer 13

old older people = poorer (vs. young older people)

Question 14

According to Evans and Palacios, who is the largest share of poor households?

Answer 14

adult + child households

Question 15

According to Evans and Palacios, who is the smallest share of poor households?

Answer 15

older + adult and older households

Question 16

According to Evans and Palacios, are households with older people poorer than those w/o?

Answer 16

households with and w/o older people = equally poor

Question 17

According to Evans and Palacios, is the poverty of older people consistent across countries?

Answer 17

poverty of older people varies widely across countries

Question 18

How can intergenerational poverty be reduced?

Answer 18

social protection -> welfare

• welfare triangle (state, market, community)
• Neuberg welfare pentagon (family, social networks, membership institutions, markets, public authority)

Question 19

what is social protection?

Answer 19

policies and programs to help all reach or maintain an adequate standard of living and good health

Question 20

why is social protection difficult to organise?

Answer 20

the informal sector; hard to reach

Question 21

what are the 3 pillars of a robust pension system?

Answer 21

1. state funded (paid by taxes)
2. employer funded (by formal employment contract)
3. privately funded (personal + household possessions)

Question 22

How can privately funded pension be increased?

Answer 22

1. income generating projects and social inclusion (self-help groups, older persons groups…)
2. financial inclusion micro-finance (long-term savings, edu, NGO, UN, tech innovation…)

Question 23

what are the advantages of putting human rights into a development framework? (hr approach to dev)

Answer 23

1. ensures dev policy takes into account special circumstances of special groups (vulnerable, underprivileged, excluded)
2. move beyond conceptual and normative framework of standardised concepts that view certain attributes as determinants of identity, legal status..
3. taking into account specificities of women, indigenous, disabilities, older persons

Question 24

what is the human rights approach to development?

Answer 24

• welfare based (vs. needs based)

- vs. passive receivers of top-down handouts

Question 25

what is the Social Forum and Independent Expert on Enjoyment of All Human Rights by Older Persons (UNHRC)

Answer 25

• dialogue beween UN, civil society, intergov orgs
• age discrimination
• participation in decisions
• prevention of torture and violence
• autonomy
• quality and accessibility to long-term care