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ID 2.0 > Dependency theory > Flashcards

Dependency theory Flashcards

1
Q

what are the core arguments of dependency theory?

A
  • criticism of modernization theory
    1. underdev = result of integration into world markets dominated by advanced nations (external factors)
    2. capitalism -> inequalities and social conflict
    3. hierarchy in world economic system = dependent relations and unequal exchange
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2
Q

what are the roots of dependency theory?

A
  • structuralist school of UNECLA (Prebisch/Singer Thesis)

- marxism

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3
Q

what is the Prebisch-Singer thesis?

A
  • UNECLA structuralist school
  • latin america not benefitting from trade due to unfavourable terms of trade
    • > exporting low value primary products and importing high value industrial/consumption products
  • long-run: decline in terms of trade: exports cheaper and imports more expensive
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4
Q

According to the Prebisch-Singer thesis, what are the origins of unfavourable terms of trade?

A

colonialism

  • integrated colonies into the world market in particular way that they export cheap good and import expensive goods -> distorted (externally-oriented) economy
  • remain economically dependent
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5
Q

what is classical marxism?

A
  • traditional/agrarian society -> feudalism -> capitalism -> revolution -> communism
  • process -> conflict (winners and losers) (capital owners vs workers)
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6
Q

what did dependency take from marxism?

A
  • capitalism -> progress by developing relations of production and destroying traditional society
  • level of analysis: economic systems
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7
Q

what is the later marxist view?

A

applies classical marxism to imperialism

  • capitalism -> int division of labour -> distorted economy
  • uneven development
  • backwardness: result from integration in world markets
  • imitation to catch up = impossible
  • unit of analysis: world capitalist system
  • local bourgeoisie = advance country elites (comprador bourgeoisie)
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8
Q

What is the Gunder Frank Dichotomy?

A

metropoles (core) vs. satellites (periphery)

  • from LA + Mexico studies
  • cause of underdev: extraction of surplus from satellites by metropoles
  • backwardness: result of capitalism (external trade relations)
  • autonomous dev = impossible -> so better so sever linkages
  • crude theory (no autonomy for politics)
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9
Q

What does Cardoso and Falleto + Evans argue?

A
  • internal class structures (coallitions) are linked to external structures
  • politics (coallitions) influence outcomes (role of the state)
  • possibility of limited dependent development
    • > by allying domestic and international capital
  • Evans’ 3 way alliance: domestic capital + foreign capital + state
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10
Q

what does O’Donnell argue are the political consequences of dependence?

A
  • economically limited : exclude popular interests and lower classes
  • rise of bureaucratic authoritarianism (exclusionary)
    (no democracy)
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11
Q

what is world systems theory

A

unit of analysis: world system
Wallerstein
core + semi-periphery + periphery
semi periphery = limited development

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12
Q

what do dependency and world systems theory share?

A
  1. structuralist
  2. analyse capitalist dev
  3. level: world system
  4. unequal exchange
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13
Q

what are the strengths of dependency theory?

A
  1. corrects 1-sided approach of modernization (also external factors)
  2. consistent historical analysis based on historical materialism
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14
Q

what are the weaknesses of dependency theory?

A
  1. state focus (methodological territorialism)
  2. implicit assumption: if linkages with west are broken -> some dev possible
  3. underestimate importance of internal and political factors (role of agency)
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15
Q

what are examples of dependency theory in practice? (policies)

A

NIEO (external)
ISI (internal)
de-linkage

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16
Q

What is the New International Economic Order (NIEO)?

A
  • proposals to promote growth and dev from 1970s (external reforms)
  • by Third World
  • attempt to reform world markets for raw materials (commodities)
    (a) stabilization funds
    (b) reserve stocks (for supply shocks)
    (c) cartels: formation of OPEC (oil)
17
Q

what was the result of NIEO?

A
  • limited success

- still fluctuating prices and little access to western markets

18
Q

what policies linked to dependency theory were taken in Latin America?

A

ISI

19
Q

what were ISIs in Latin America composed of?

A
  • cutting ties with advanced countries
    (a) produce formerly imported consumer goods
    (b) protection of infant industries by tariff walls (cheap imports by overvalued XR)
    (c) control by comprador bourgeoisie
20
Q

what was the effect of ISIs in Latin America?

A
  • insufficient profitability (small market)
  • dependent on importing tech still
  • financed by exports which were suffering from overvalued XR)
  • still dependent on primary sector
  • result: still structural deficit (BoP) today
    politically: rising local bourgeoisie + multinational capital alliance ; instability and exclusionary
21
Q

what policies were taken in Africa according to dependency theory?

A

limited ISI

22
Q

what were ISIs in Africa composed of?

A
  • protection and overvalued XR
    (a) state interventions
    (b) state monopolies
    (c) crop taxation
    (d) low food prices
23
Q

what was the effect of ISIs in Africa?

A

1970s: African Agrarian Crisis
- low productivity
- dependence on food imports and food aid (low prices)
- urban bias of dev
- structurally high BoP deficits
emergence of bad policies persepctive

24
Q

what is the ‘bad policies perspective’?

A

from African ISIs
- urban bias in policies
- excessive state intervention (discredit statist model)
- bloated bureaucracies and corruption rise
led to rise in neo-liberalism

25
Q

what policies were implemented in asia in accordance with dependency theory?

A

radical de-linkage and autarky (china - mao, burma, Cambodia, north korea)

(autarky = economic independence or self-sufficiency)

26
Q

how can the asian tigers/ asian miracle be explained?

A

political constellation favourable to econ growth: committed elite, need to catch up perception, capable bureaucracy

  1. private and state partnership
  2. export-oriented industrialization (EOI)
  3. disciplined and large labour force
  4. favourable culture of confuscianism
  5. investment in human dev, some redistribution
  6. timing and niche of int market
27
Q

how is the asian tiger success interpreted according to modernization theory?

A

important role of internal factors

  1. effective use of comparative adv
  2. large, well-educated labour force
  3. limited democratic dev
28
Q

how is the asian tiger success interpreted according to dependency theory?

A
  1. economic growth but still dependent on tech and capital of west -> only ‘semi-periphery’ status
  2. exploited labour force, political authoritarianism
29
Q

what is the global divergence

A

in the 1980s: some developing countries experienced high growth while others declining growth
growth: China + SEA
declining growth: Africa, LA, Carribean

ID 2.0 (12 decks)

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