Development and state institutions

Question 1

what is the crises of political dev?

Answer 1

crises of:
- political identity
- political penetration (reaching remote areas)
- distribution (meeting demands of masses)
- legitimacy
in Europe: faced one by one gradually
in new states: face simultaneously

instability -> authoritarianism

Question 2

what is the soft state model?

Answer 2

• weak state institutions
  (big but ineffective bureaucracy -> bloated)
  (politicized bureaucracy - personal relations)
• no implementation of laws
• widespread corruption

(indiscipline)

Question 3

what was the policy and academic response to soft states/political dev crises?

Answer 3

1. governance emerged on the dev agenda (1990s)
2. re-examine role of state in dev
3. renewed interest in dem reforms

Question 4

what was the results of soft states? in the late 1990s?

Answer 4

• sobering view of politics
• weak, unconsolidated, clientelistic democracies
• response: focus on quality of democracy (vs. presence of multiparty elections) -> accountability, checks and balances, freedom…

Question 5

According to Ezrow, what what are administrative institutions’ main problems? And what makes it of good quality?

Answer 5

1. problems:
   (a) inadequate salaries
   (b) no career lines
   (c) patronage
2. solutions for effective state bureaucracy:
   (a) meritocratic appointments, good salaries, career prospects
   (b) autonomous role, no pol interference
   (c) transparency, predictability

Question 6

According to Ezrow, what are the main problems of judicial institutions and what makes them of good quality?

Answer 6

1. problems:
   (a) accessibility
   (b) quality
   (c) corruption
   low salaries + inadequate funding causes these
2. good quality:
   (a) rule of law
   (b) independent courts
   (c) access to legal institutions

Question 7

According to Ezrow, what are the main problems of political institutions and what makes them of good quality?

Answer 7

1. problems:
   (a) executive dominance
   (b) weak pol parties
   (c) unfair elections
   (d) pol patronage and clientelism
   (e) populism
2. good quality:
   (a) executive accountability to parliament
   (b) pol parties link citizens to pol arena
   (c) free + fair elections

Question 8

According to Ezrow, what are the main problems of security institutions and what makes them of good quality?

Answer 8

1. problems:
   (a) lack of discipline
   (b) corruption
   (c) no respect for citizens’ rights
2. good quality:
   (a) professionalism
   (b) clear internal hierarchy
   (c) subordinate to pol leadership

Question 9

so according to ezrow, what is needed for development

Answer 9

good quality state institutions

Question 10

According to Leftwich, what is a developmental state?

Answer 10

1. pol elite committed to dev
2. strong and autonomous state bureaucracy
3. state steer private industry and investment
4. gov investing in human dev and infrastructure
5. freedom, pol rights, dem: weak/absent (but some performative legitimacy)

(strong state intervention)

Question 11

what does a developmental state achieve?

Answer 11

long-term development ( > 25 years) and economic growth ( > 4% annually)

Question 12

what is defensive modernization

Answer 12

when the int context creates need to survive and catch up

Question 13

what is the debate concerning developmental states’ emergence?

Answer 13

Do developmental state emerge in unique circumstances or can it be replicated?

Question 14

what are arguments for developmental states emerging only in unique circumstance?

Answer 14

• internal + external
• war, revolution, external security
• accident of internal conditions (incl. culture)

Question 15

what are arguments for developmental states being replicable?

Answer 15

• through reformed policies
• Clapham: Ethiopian case
• > clearest dev state example
• > ambitious capture of ‘rents’ (to fund communication ,edu, hydroelectricity expansion)
• political constraining private sector freedom

Question 16

What is the good governance agenda and its core elements?

Answer 16

formulate in 1990s by IFIs
core elements:
1. accountability
2. info
3. rule of law
4. transparency

Question 17

what are the different aspects of governance assistance?

Answer 17

• strengthening state capacity (supply side) (technical assistance, police training, court assistance…)
• strengthening civil society and media (demand side)

Question 18

what is structural/systemic corruption vs. petty corruption?

Answer 18

structural/systemic corruption: large-scale, endemic in all state and society institutions
petty corruption: smaller-scale. between civil servants and citizens (bribes for services)

Question 19

what are the effects of corruption on development?

Answer 19

1. high transaction costs for firms -> less investment
2. decreased quality of admin
3. delegitimize state
4. poverty, inequality, less access to social services

Question 20

what is the possible positive short-term impact of petty corruption?

Answer 20

could help (e.g. remove red tape -> more investment)
lubricant/development corruption

Question 21

what can governments do to fight corruption?

Answer 21

1. formulation of clear laws and implementation
2. ensure good quality regulation (no unnecessary red tape)
3. increased transparency and info -> accountability
4. decent salaries -> less bribe incentives
5. establish National Commission to investigate
6. ensure capable and independent prosecutions to punish