Interactions Between Grapevine Physiology, Vineyard Managemnet, and Precision Viticulture Flashcards
What are the four areas of Precision viticulture/agriculture
- Soil monitoring
- Crop monitoring
- Monitoring of yield and fruit composition
- Site specific management
What are the 4 expectations for precision viticulture
- Increase productivity
- Increase quality
- Lower Production Cost
- Lower environmental impact
What are the three ways that PV can affect both production costs and revenues?
- Increase of productivity with the same input, better allocation
- Same yield with lower input
- Increasing of productivity with lower input
What are the three questions that need to be answered before adopting a PV approach?
- What is the level of variability in plant and soil?
- What is the influence of this variability on yield and fruit composition (wine quality)?
- Which technologies should be used for a profitable vineyard management?
What is spatial variability
Spatial variability is the variation of any parameter related to plants and soil in three dimensions (length, width, depth) of a given area. Based on different aspects all fields are variable: soil fertility, water availability, texture, topography, pests, and vigor
Discuss Temporal variability and its importance for PV
Soil and crop features can vary overtime. Some aspects are stable, such as soil texture and organic matter content, however moisture and nitrates can vary rapidly. This influences PV decisions such as planning and sampling
4 steps of PV
- Monitoring
- Data Processing
- Decision/Action
- Check
Two types of PV maps
- Vigor maps
- Prescription maps
2 main pros of VRT
VRT (Variable Rate Technologies)
- More effective and specific management of different cultural practices
- Reduce within-field variability and imporve vine balance
Discuss within-field variability and two points of the hypothesis
It is a recurring problem in many vineyards that needs to be studied for a most efficient vineyard management
- Variability depends on different soil properties
- VRT could improve attention to genotype-environment interactions as well as vineyard sustainability.
What is remote sensing
It refers to a set of techniques and tools used in order to acquire qualitative and quantitative information about certain object without coming in contact with them.
How does remote sensing work, what is it based on?
Remote sensing is based on the electromagnetic energy, emitted from the sun, earth vegetation or emitted by radar or laser instruments
Where are the sensors located?
The sensors could be a few meters away or hundreds of kilometers away from the object depending on if the sensor is on the earth’s surface or installed on aircrafts or satellites
what are the three types of RS image resolutions?
- Spatial Resolution: Refers to the size of the smallest object which can be observed in remotely sensed images.
- Spectral Resolution: Refers to the ability of the sensor to define the ranges of wavelengths
- Revisit Period (Time): Is the time elapsed between observations of the same point on Earth by a satellite
Remote sensed images can be mapped, what can they map and what do they show?
- Vegetative status
- Instantaneous water stress
Ground trouthing allows for new prescription maps concerning Nitrogen requirements and water availability in the soil.
What are the Vegetation indices for Remote sensing?
Based off of the electromagnetic spectrum we label different bands being GREEN, RED, and NIR (Near infrared). The Ratio Vegetation Index or RVI is calculated as NIR - RED ratio (reflectance)
What is NDVI
Normalized Difference Vegetative Index
NIR - RED
————– = NDVI
NIR + RED
What is the overall best Platform for RS
Aircraft
What is Proximal Sensing and what are the 5 things it can do
Proximal sensing and when a sensor is placed on a tractor or vehicle and driven through the rows of a vineyard.
- Canopy Index
- Surface Temperature
- Canopy Distance
- Environmental variability such as relative humidity and Air temp
- Mapping
What is a Point Quadrant Analysis?
What are the four things that it can show?
When a vertical (depending on training) square frame is place on a row. It can be used to show 4 things
1. Internal leave %
2. LLN (Leaf Layer Number)
3. Canopy gaps (Porosity)
4. Assessment of plant from setting wire to top of canopy
What are the main trends/ correlation between canopy index and canopy gaps %, LLN, and Interior Leaves %
Why is this important
Canopy Index and Canopy Gaps %: Negative Linear
Canopy Index and LLN: Positive Linear
Canopy Index and Interior Leaves %: Positive Linear
This is important because it is a direct way to measure vine vigor at high resolution.
Why can ground trouthing also be important despite canopy index measures?
Despite Canopy index as being a direct way to measure vine vigor, ground trouthing is useful for estimating yield in a vineyard if we already know bunch number, average bunch weight, and productivity in different vineyard zones.
