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Vineyard Variability > Crossbreeds, Hybrids and Rootstocks > Flashcards

Crossbreeds, Hybrids and Rootstocks Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss genetic Improvement by sexual reproduction (two main points and three ways to do it)

A
  1. Commonly used for obtaining new varietals
  2. Selection of individuals from a combination of two gametes, male and female
  • Self Pollination
  • Intraspecific hybrid (crossbreed)
  • Interspecific hybrid
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2
Q

Can you give an example of a spontaneous crossing?

A

Cab Franc and Sauv Blanc had a baby making cab sauv

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3
Q

4 Classifications of Crossbreeds

A
  1. Self-pollination (A x A)
  2. Simple Combination (A x B)
  3. Backcrossing (A x B) x A or (A x B) x B
  4. Convergence (A x B) x (C x D)
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4
Q

What is the problem with inbreeding

A

There is a fixation on negative traits

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5
Q

Discuss the difference between Homozygous traits and Heterozygous traits

A

The two alleles of a given gene are identical for homozygous and for heterozygous traits the two alleles of a given gene are different

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6
Q

Are Dominant Alleles expressed as homozygous or heterozygous? What about Recessive Alleles?

A

Dominant Alleles are expressed as both homozygous and heterozygous. Recessive Alleles are expressed as homozygous.

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7
Q

Are grapevines highly heterozygous or homozygous? What does self-pollination increase and what are the consequences? Also what does inbreeding reduce?

A

Grapevines are highly heterozygous.

Self-pollination increases homozygosity and because of this more recessive traits can appear.

Inbreeding reduces vigor in terms of vegetative growth, bud fruitfulness, and yield.

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8
Q

5 steps for an artificial pollination

A

Before pollination
1. Flower castration on inflorescences from mother plant.
2. Pollinators need to be excluded through the use of pollination bags
3. Cross-pollination (pollen collected from father plant)
4. 2nd pollination bag
5. Bags are opened approximately 2 weeks after the artificial pollination

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9
Q

How long can it take for registration after artificial pollination

A

It can take 20+ years

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10
Q

6 stages of selection phases (artificial pollination)

A
  1. Artificial pollination (1987)
  2. Seedlings (1989)
  3. In field seedling selection (1992-1996)
  4. Planting of a comparative vineyard (1998)
  5. Vegetative and yield characterization (2002-2007)
  6. Registration (2011)
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11
Q

Interspecific hybrids (what is it?)

A

Combination of two individuals from different Vitis spp.

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12
Q

What are the 4 aims of combining two individuals from different Vitis spp.?

A
  1. Introduce biotic resistance traits in vitis vinifera varieties, making productive hybrids (powdery, downy mildew, botrytis
  2. Backcrossing with vitis vinifera grapes to gain superior quality
  3. Improve abiotic resistance of grapevine rootstocks (active lime, drought, freezing)
  4. Improve biotic resistance of grapevine rootstocks (phylloxera, nematodes, bacteria)
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13
Q

Discuss the 4 important years for the origin of grapevine rootstocks

A
  1. 1868 - Phylloxera is discovered in France
  2. 1869 - First grafting
  3. 1876 - First planting of productive hybrids
  4. 1877 - First hybrids showed a very low resistance to phylloxera, but this was the beginning of rootstock breeding.
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14
Q

list the 5 aims of rootstock breeding

A
  1. Resistance to Phylloxera
  2. Resistance to nematodes
  3. Tolerance to water stress and mineral deficiency
  4. Adaptability to high levels of active lime in the soil
  5. Vigor Control
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15
Q

List the three types of rootstocks

A
  1. Riparia
  2. Rupestris
  3. Berlandieri
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16
Q

Discuss the 4 main characterisitics of Riparia rootstock

A
  1. Shallow Root system
  2. Low resistance to active lime
  3. Low vigor
  4. low resistance to drought
17
Q

Discuss the 3 main characteristics of Rupestris rootstock

A
  1. Deep Root system
  2. High resistance to active lime
  3. high vigor
18
Q

Discuss the 4 main characteristics of Berlandieri rootstock

A
  1. Deep root system
  2. High resistance to active lime
  3. High resistance to drought
  4. High vigor
19
Q

List the 3 different Rootstock hybrids

A
  1. Riparia x Rupestris
  2. Riparia x Berlandieri
  3. Berlandieri x Rupestris
20
Q

Discuss the 3 main characteristics of Riparia x Rupestris
and an example

A
  1. Intermediate root depth
  2. Medium to low resistance to active lime
  3. Intermediate vigor

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21
Q

Discuss the 3 main characteristics of Riparia x Berlandieri and an example

A
  1. Intermediate root depth
  2. Intermediate resistance to active lime
  3. Medium to high vigor

KOBER 5BB

22
Q

Discuss the 4 main characteristics of Berlandieri x Rupestris and an example

A
  1. Intermediate root depth
  2. High resistance to active lime
  3. High resistance to drought
  4. Medium to high vigor

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23
Q

Choice of Rootsock is a function of 4 main factors, what are they?

A
  1. Type of soil
  2. Grape variety
  3. Planting density
  4. Soil management

Vineyard Variability (10 decks)

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