Intelligence & Emotional Intelligence Flashcards
What are the two main ways of looking at intelligence (culturally)?
Individualistic - problem-solving, verbal ability, social competence, ability to connect and compare, abstract thought, adaptability.
Collectivistic - interpersonal harmony, responsive to social and contextual changes, self-awareness and modesty.
Explain Spearman’s theory of intelligence.
Factor analysis on several different tests.
g - general intelligence underlying positive correlation between different abilities.
s - specific abilities.
Explain Thurstone’s theory of intelligence.
Factor analysis.
g only reflected correlation between different abilities.
7 basic factors - associative memory, number, perceptual speed, reasoning, spatial visualisation, verbal comprehension and word fluency.
Explain Caroll’s hierarchical model of intelligence.
Stratum III - g.
Stratum II - 8-10 factors. Includes some of Thurstone’s model.
Stratum I - 60+ specific cognitive abilities.
What are the two current dominating intelligence tests?
WAIS.
Raven’s progressive matrices.
What are second generation intelligence tests? Can you give an example of one?
Intelligence based on cognitive neuroscience.
Pass theory - more cognitive theory, cognitive assessment system. 4 main processes important to intelligence; attention, simultaneous, successive, planning.
What are some positives of second generation intelligence tests?
Fairer across genders + different backgrounds than previous tests.
What is the reliability of IQ tests like?
Test-retest reliability - high but not perfect (r = .73).
CAS cognitive test - high reliability (internal and over 4 weeks).
What is the validity of IQ tests like?
Predictive validity - job/academic performance (r = .50).
Discriminant validity - difficult due to learned experiences, test-taking skills, motivation/incentives.
CAS cognitive test - predictive validity (academic performance, r = .70).
How much of intelligence is explained through genetics?
40-80% of variance.
Lots of variance between individuals and IQ increases with age.
How much of intelligence can be explained through shared environment/non-shared environment?
Shared environment - 20-40% of variance in childhood IQ but drops to 0% by adulthood.
Non-shared environment also influential - prenatal factors, early nutrition, school education increases IQ test scores.
Explain the Mozart effect.
Rauscher (1993) - listening to a 10-min Mozart sonata vs silence or no music led to 8-9 points higher on spatial-temporal parts of IQ test.
All other studies contradict this!
Pietschnig (2010) - Mozart effect significant but small and temporary (15 minutes only). May reflect positive mood and levels of cortical arousal. Music is a mood enhancer.
The Mozart effect was vulnerable to media hype + capitalisation!
Explain Gardner’s (1993) multiple intelligences theory.
Different intelligences are theoretically independent.
8 different intelligences, under three areas; emotional intelligence (e.g. people smart), cognitive (e.g. word smart), sensori-motor (e.g. music smart).
Multiple intelligence inventory is not well validated.
Visser et al (2006) - factor analysis showed 1 g factor. All tests except for bodily-kinesthetics, music and one interpersonal loaded onto g. Supports hierarchical structure not independence! Evidence against model!
What is emotional intelligence?
Ability to perceive, understand and manage emotions in the self and others.
Different perspectives - ability OR trait view.
Explain Salovey & Mayer’s ability model.
4 main branches of emotional intelligence which are experiential or strategic;
Experiential: perceiving, facilitate thinking
Strategic: managing and understanding.
All branches encompass both the self and others.
E.I. Test (MSCEIT) - 2 objective tasks for each of the 4 branches.
What is the reliability and validity of MSCEIT like?
High internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
Hierarchical factor structure - overall intelligence factor + 4 specific factors.
There is no correct scoring - result differ.
Consensus is bad - can’t compare results.
Relatively high agreement between experts… But why would experts be any more emotionally intelligent than others?
Name the two main mixed models of emotional intelligence.
Goleman (1998) - emotional competence inventory.
Bar-On (1997) - emotional quotient inventory (EQ-i).
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the two main mixed models of emotional intelligence?
Both separate self vs others’ emotions.
Both widely used in organisations.
Not well-validated!!!
What is the main trait model of emotional intelligence (Petrides & Furnham, 2003)?
TEIQue.
Emotion-related self-perceptions and dispositions.
Can’t measure ability objectively - can only measure self-perceptions!
Reliable test - valid factor structure.
Trait EI includes wellbeing, sociability, emotionality, self-control and maybe self-motivation and adaptability.
Is emotional intelligence an ability or a trait?
Depends on theoretical perspective.
MSCEIT - ability.
TEIQue - trait.
Ability suggests that EI is part of ‘g’. It is assessed using objectively-scored test/peer-reports. Only ability to perceive, understand and manage own/others’ emotions.
Trait emphasises predicting success. It is assessed using subjective self-report questionnaires. Self-perceptions of ability and dispositional tendencies to do with emotions.
The two different tests have low, non-significant correlations. Could be capturing different variances?
Where does emotional intelligence come from (ability and trait)?
Ability: parents’ emotional talk, women score higher than men, no data on heritability.
Trait: genetic influence is 30-50%, unique but not shared environment.
What should ability emotional intelligence correlate with?
IQ.
Weak positive correlation with agreeableness, openness and sometimes neuroticism and conscientiousness.
Negative correlation with psychopathy.
Narcissism in men.
What should trait emotional intelligence correlate with?
Negative correlation with neuroticism.
Positive correlation with extraversion and conscientiousness.
Negative correlation with psychopathy.
Machiavellianism in men.
