Intelligence & Emotional Intelligence Flashcards
what is intelligence seen as in western cultures?
practical problem-solving, verbal ability, social competence, ability to connect/compare, goal orientation, fluid thought, adapts to environment
what is intelligence seen as in eastern cultures?
solve problems by considering other people, interpersonal harmony, responsive to social/contextual changes, self-awareness, modesty
summarise Spearman’s work
- one of the first to formulate an intelligence theory. factor analysis on several different tests in schoolchildren. ‘g’ and ‘s’
define ‘g’
general intelligence underlying positive correlation between different abilities. essential fundamental ability, mental energy
define ‘s’
specific abilities
summarise Thurstone’s work
also used factor analysis but included that a ‘g’ only reflected correlation between different abilities. theoretically independent. 7 factors
what were Thurstone’s 7 factors?
associative memory, number, perceptual speed, reasoning, spatial visualisation, verbal comprehension
word fluency
summarise Cattell’s theory
2 aspects of intelligence: fluid vs crystallised
summarise Guildford’s theory
150 factors
describe Carroll’s hierarchical model
reanalysed data sets previous researchers and used. CFA. there is a g factor, but you can also look further. 3 stratums
describe stratum I (Carroll)
60+ specific cognitive abilities
describe stratum II (Carroll)
8-10 including fluid, crystallised, and some of Thurstone’s
describe stratum III (Carroll)
g
describe historical intelligence tests
tasks matched to child’s developmental stage, assumes there is 1 thing called intelligence
what are the current dominant tests?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Raven’rs Progressive Matrices (1938)
describe the WAIS
tests verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed
describe Raven’s Progressive Matrices
taps into ‘g’ directly. symbols rather than letters and numbers. logic and reasoning tasks
what are more recent theories of intelligence based on?
cognitive neuroscience
describe the PASS theory
how different areas of intelligence develop in different areas of the brain. 4 main processes: attention, successive, simultaneous and planning
what is the equation for deviation IQ?
test score / expected score for age X 100
what is the mean and sd of IQ?
m = 100, sd = 15
describe the test-retest reliability of IQ tests
typically high but not perfect
describe the problem with discriminant validity of IQ tests
learned experiences. test taking skills and practice. motivation/incentive
describe the validity of the CAS cognitive test
high reliability
how much variance in intelligence does genetics explain?
40-80%. varies between individuals and increases with age (in childhood you are more affected by your environment).
how much variance in childhood IQ does shared environment explain?
20-40% - drops to 0% by adulthood.
what are some non-shared environmental factors that can be influential on intelligence?
prenatal factors eg early nutrition (Oddy et al., 2004); birth order (first borns may get more time and resources); school education increases IQ test scores (Ceci, 1991)
describe the ‘Mozart Effect’
Rauscher, Shaw & Ky (1993): 10 min of Mozart sonata (vs silence or the music) left to • 8-9 points higher on spatial-temporal parts of IQ tests
describe the contradictory nature of the ‘Mozart Effect’
subsequent studies have contradictory results. Pietsching et al. (2010) met-analysis. effects signifiant but small and temporary. May reflect positive mood and levels of cortical arousal. Larger effects in studies conducted by original researchers. Not specific to Mozart: can happen with any music eg Blur
summarise Gardner’s (1993) theory of multiple intelligence
Theoretically independent. Emotional intelligence: Intrapersonal (self smart) and Interpersonal (people smart)
Cognitive: Linguistic (word smart) and Logical-Mathematical (logic smart)
Sensori-motor: Musical (music smart) and Bodily-Kinaesthetic (body smart).
Naturalistic (nature smart); Spatial (picture smart)
how well validated is Teele’s Multiple Intelligences?
not well validated
what did Visser, Ashton & Vernon (2006) find out about Gardner’s (1993) theory of multiple intelligences?
Assessed each intelligence with 2 tests. Factor analysis showed 1 ‘g’ factor. All tests except for bodily-kinesthetic, musical, and one intrapersonal (least cognitive) loaded onto ‘g’. Supported hierarchical structure (not independence)
define emotional intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions in the self and others. Both intrapersonal and interpersonal
describe the ability model of emotional intelligence
the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and us this information to guide one’s thinking and actions. 4 branches. perceiving, facilitate, understanding, and managing emotions
describe facilitate thinking (ability model of emotional intelligence)
ability to use your emotions to inform problem solving, creativity and decision making
describe understanding (ability model of emotional intelligence)
relations between emotions, causes, time course etc.
describe managing emotions (ability model of emotional intelligence)
relations between emotions, causes, time course etc.
describe the Mayer-Salovery-Caruso E.I. Test (MSCEIT)
Wanted it to be like an IQ test and objective Eg. Perceiving emotions task. Given a set of faces, and asked how much a series of emotions is present in that face. same thing for abstract images: how much emotions are conveyed in this image. Argued there was a correct answer that responses could be compared to Eg. Facilitate thinking. MCQ questions: given a situation Injustice + ____ = anger? a) frustration, b) guilt, c) melancholy, d) fatigue
describe MSCEIT Reliability and validity
High internal consistency and test re-test validity. Hierarchical factor structure. What is correct scoring Results differ. Consensus: how much you agree with others in sample. Sample specific patterns: cannot compare. Expert: how much you agree with experts. Relatively high agreement between experts, but why would they be more emotionally intelligent?
what was Goleman’s 1998/2001 theory?
emotional competence inventory. separate self vs others’ emotions. widely used in organisations BUT not well-validated. Developed so they can be bought for a lot of money
what was Bar-On’s 1997 theory?
emotional quotient inventory. self-report. scored to give normed “EQ” (like IQ). separate self vs others’ emotions. widely used in organisations BUT not well-validated. Developed so they can be bought for a lot of money
describe the trait model of emotional intelligence (Petrides & Furnham, 2003)
Emotion-related self-perceptions and dispositions (also known as emotional self-efficacy). Trait EI Questionnaire (TEIQue)
Reliable; valid factor structure
what are the different factors in the trait model of emotional intelligence? (Petrides & Furnham, 2003)
wellbeing, sociability, emotionality, self-control, self-motivation, adaptability
describe what it means for emotional intelligence to be an ability
Only ability to perceive, understand, and manage own/others’ emotions. Part of general intelligence (‘g’). Assessed using objectively scored test/peer-report
describe what it means for emotional intelligence to be trait
Self-perceptions of ability PLUS dispositional tendencies to do with emotions. Emphasise predicting success. Assessed using subjective self-report
according to the ability model of EI, where does it come from?
Parents’ emotional talk (Dunn et al., 1991). Women score higher than men. No official data on heritability
according to the trait model of EI, where does it come from?
Behavioural genetic study (TEIQue) (Vernon et al., 2008). Genetic influence ~ 30-50%. Unique but not shared environment. Similar % to personality traits
does IQ correlate with ability EI?
yes (mostly with verbal IQ tests - vocal?)
does big 5 correlate with ability EI?
weak (+) its agreeableness, openness (+ sometimes neuroticism, conscientiousness)
does Dark Triad correlate with ability EI?
(-) with psychopathy, narcissism in men, machiavellianism ns
does IQ correlate with trait EI?
no
does big 5 correlate with trait EI?
separate factor but overlap wit neuroticism (-). correlates with extraversion and conscientiousness (+)
does Dark triad correlate with trait EI?
(-) with psychopathy; machiavellianism in men; narcissism ns (+ with sociability/wellbeing)
