Intelligence and Wisdom

Question 1

What components are there in intelligence?

Answer 1

G= General intelligence
- Crystalized intelligence
- Fluid intelligence
- Gradual change, decline, with the years (seen in both cross-sectional - earlier decline- and longitudinal research)
- More rapid after 60s

Question 2

Crystalized intelligence

Answer 2

• Knowledge acquired throughout life
• Education and life experiences
• Increase early adulthood
• Stay constant throughout the ages

Question 3

Fluid intelligence

Answer 3

Adaptive and flexible thinking, understanding concepts and drawing inferences independent of acquired knowledge and experience
- Basic information processing
- Declines after 25ish, more rapid after 70s

Question 4

What is the neural efficiency hypothesis about?

Answer 4

With more intelligence, the more efficient can you process information
- Based on evidence of efficiency of the brain
- Neuroimaging
- Increased neural processing
- Lower activation on the same task
- No alteration yet; more knowledge about how this efficiency develop and understanding of developmental pathways

Question 5

For there to a stage after formal-operations, what does it need to entail?

Answer 5

Should be qualitative different than formal operations, not on a spectrum with more or less
- Qualitative different
- Specific ability
- Universal
- Developmental loss

Question 6

What are 3 proposed forms of post-formal operations?

Answer 6

• Dialectical Thinking
• Pragmatic Thinking
• Reflective Judgment

Question 7

Dialectical Thinking

Answer 7

• Involves recognizing and reconciling contradictions or opposing viewpoints
• They may embrace ambiguity and uncertainty, recognizing that some problems may not have clear-cut solutions.
• Taking the context into the account of a situation

Question 8

Pragmatic Thinking

Answer 8

• A greater emphasis on pragmatic reasoning, where individuals consider practical implications and real-world consequences when making decisions or solving problems
• They may prioritize effectiveness and feasibility over adherence to abstract principles.
• What is realistic?

Question 9

Reflective Judgment

Answer 9

• Developing under young adulthood
  1-3 Pre-reflective Reasoning
• No uncertainties, listens to authorities
• Firm beliefs
• Clear answers, black and white
• Struggle with other perspectives
  4-5 Quasi reflective reasoning
• There are uncertainties
• Change of opinions
• Knowledge is subjective
• Entitled to their own view
  6-7 Reflective Reasoning
• Firm belief, after careful analysis
• Re-evaluate with new evidence

Question 10

What are the characteristics of wisdom?

Answer 10

Comes from ego-centric stage - Erikson
- Superior in knowledge, judgement and advice
- Intentions for common good
- Harmony between competing demands and goals
- Applies to decision-making

Question 11

What are the different types of wisdom?

Answer 11

Personal wisdom
- Self-insight, coping
- Introspection
- Include younger people
General wisdom
- Life insight
- Advice-giving
- Often older people, accumulated life experiences

Question 12

Is there variation with culture?

Answer 12

Different culture places more importance on wisdom
- Wise elders