Cognition Development

Question 1

What is PASA?

Answer 1

Posterior-anterior shift in aging
- Reduction in brain activity from posterior brain to increased in anterior
- Shift is seen as age-related compensation

Question 2

What evidence support PASA?

Answer 2

Consistent evidence of increased PFC in older adults compared to younger
- Neuroimaging data

Question 3

What is the information processing about?

Answer 3

That cognition works like a computer, and these components are used in executive functions
- Processing
- Attention
- Memory
- Retrieval

Question 4

What are some changes in processing?

Answer 4

Processing speed
- Declines due to neural impulses begin to slow down
- Degradation of myelin sheath
Effortful processing
- Performance gets worse with age
- Requires effort and deliberate processing
- Implicit stay the same

Question 5

What are some changes in attention?

Answer 5

Inhibitory losses
- Difficulty in sorting out relevant information
Reduced ability to divide attention
- Each task takes longer time
- Switching focus
- More complex=more time

Question 6

What are some changes in explicit memory?

Answer 6

• Declines with age, but for very recent events can be sign of secondary aging
• Episodic, semantic(doesnt seem to decline as much) and autobiographical memories
• Intentional, effortful recall of information from a specific time point

Question 7

How does autobiographical memory change with age?

Answer 7

• Increased tendency for flashbulb memories
• Remember more events between 10 to 30
• Lack of very recent events is a warning sign

Question 8

How does source memory change with age?

Answer 8

Remembering source of event or information about an event
- Real or imagined?
- Accuracy declines with age

Question 9

What is the EIEIO model

Answer 9

• Explicit memory: actively recall information for a exam question or going through events to find out where I lost my keys at
• Implicit memory: feeling stressed I cant remember
• External aid: the question prompting my memory, asking others if they saw my keys
• Internal aid: mental imagery of seeing the flashcard or going through the events in my mind
• 0 stands for the reaction once the strategy is used
• A training model to help preserving memory

Question 10

What is the SOC model

Answer 10

Selective Optimization with compensation
- Selective: Process of goal setting, prioritising one thing over another, gets more selective with age
- Optimizing: Max the gains, what strategies or activities enhance my anility the best?
- Compensation: Overcoming limitations, new ways or adapting
- Implicit
- All 3 needed
- Adapting and coping with challenges across life span
- Shifting resources due to biological deficits

Question 11

What are some declines that has been compensated accordant to SOC model?

Answer 11

• Reduced processing
  Implicit memory help optimizing and picking the right strategy through practice and expertise
• Reduced memory
  Use of cues in the environment or collaborative memory
• Stress effect on memory
  Positivity effect