Intelligence Flashcards
Intelligence
A mental quality that allows you to learn from experience, solve problems, and use your knowledge to adapt to new situations. Intelligence tests use numerical scores to measure aptitude for those tasks and compare them to how well others do
- • IQ is Intelligence Quotient.
Theory of general intelligence - Spearman
• One theory is there’s 1 general intelligence. - Spearman
o Evidence comes from fact people who score well on one test also tend to score well on other types of test, ex. Verbal and math skills. relative to other people, you tend to equal in both skills, although relative to oneself they might be different
o Factor underlying these consistent abilities is called g factor (acronym: g = general intelligence, factor analysis)
- Used factor analysis to identify cluster of related abilities.
- This theory is highly supported by research. Those who score high in one area also score highly in other areas. Ex. Scoring high in verbal intelligence correlated to high special reasoning
- RESEARCH SUPPORTS THIS THEORY
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence - proposed by Robert Sternburg.
3 types of intelligences – analytical intelligence (Academic abilities – to solve well defined problems), creative intelligence (ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas and adapt) and practical intelligence (solve ill-defined problems, such as how to get a bookcase up a curvy staircase) – proposed by Robert Sternburg
- 3 independent intelligence; based on real world success – analytical (problem solving ability), creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
Acronym: 3 iceBERGS
- Reliable—easy to study by research.
- Research shows that scores of all intelligences vary together.
• IQ is Intelligence Quotient.
o IQ score measures only analytical intelligence. Scales are scored so average person score is 100. Depending on where you are in relation to 100 – it effects where you are at large.
o Standard Deviation = 15.
o High analytical intelligence = tend to do better at school.
o Those who have high IQ, creative, and/or practical intelligence do not tend to have better marriages, achieve greater physical/mental wellbeing/raise their kids better
emotional intelligence
–perceive, understand, and manage and use emotions in interactions with others.
o Fluid Intelligence
o Fluid Intelligence - is ability to reason quickly and abstractly, such as when solving novel logic problems.
fluid intelligence is the ability to think on one’s feet, be adaptable, and solve problems using deductive and inductive reasoning.
Cattell defined fluid intelligence as: in novel situations, the ability to recognize and reason relationships between objects or ideas independent of previous experience.
Fluid intelligence helps one see patterns, organize and identify feature and spatial relationships to solve complex problems.
- Fluid intelligence tends to decrease as we move into older adulthood
o Crystallized Intelligence
o Crystallized Intelligence - refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.
Fluid intelligence tends to decrease as we move into older adulthood, while crystalized increases or stays same.
Cattell defined crystallized intelligence as the ability to retrieve and acquire knowledge
Crystallized intelligence is based on fact, experience, prior learning and accumulates as one ages.
Alfred –Binet – First to develop an intelligence test,
• Alfred –Binet – First to develop an intelligence test, but wasn’t intending too. He developed a test in order to establish a child’s mental age and measure a child’s intellectual development and predict how well they will do in school later on. Was designed for French children
–> • Binet’s idea of mental age – how a child at a specific age performs intellectually compared to average intellectual performance for that physical age in years.
The Stanford-Binet test - Lewis Terman, a Psychologist of Stanford University
• Lewis Terman, a Psychologist of Stanford University furthered/modified Binet’s Intelligence test and also incorporated teenagers and adults. This was named the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. Terman noted that Binet’s test was not predictive of US children. The Stanford-Binet test started being used to measure intelligence of immigrants (which was a huge problem –the test tested language ability which presented a clear issue, a language barrier)
How much is intelligence due to genes and how much due to environment/experiences.
Intelligence –> nature vs. nurture?
How much is intelligence due to genes and how much due to environment/experiences.
o Study heritability by looking at correlation scores of twins who grew up in different homes, identical twins raised together, and fraternal twins raised together.
o What we know is of 3 groups, strongest correlation between IQ scores in identical twins raised in same homes. Raised apart not as high correlation (there is some environmental component). Fraternal twins raised together show lower correlation, suggesting also a genetic component.
o Nature and Nurture contribute to intelligence
• No recipe for structuring environment to make a genius, even though we know environments that would impair intelligence (cognitive functioning). When children are deprived of interaction with people or language – intelligence is impaired; however, no direct correlation. Exposure is better than no exposure, but tons of exposure doesn’t lead to a genius.
o Fixed Mindset:
Praise that reinforces a fixed mindset describes characteristics and actions as innate and unchangeable.
o A growth mindset
praises effort, perseverance, improvement, and strategies rather than the end result. Eg. “You worked really hard on your assignment”
Those with growth mindset accomplish more in careers.
Theory of Primary Mental Abilities - Thurnstone
- 7 factors of intelligence - word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory.
Acronym: 7 Stones, relative similar. - Strength – breakdown seems intuitive. Ex. Possible to have high Inductive skills is possible w/o high verbal comprehension.
Problem – how come scores vary together statistically (which suggests underlying intelligence factor)
-limited in what it considers to be intelligence
Theory of Multiple Intelligence - Gardner
- Expanded ideas of what can be included in intelligence.
Gardner divided into 7 then 9 independent intelligence (they don’t depend on each other and hence intelligence in 1 area does not predict intelligence in another); logical-mathematical intelligence, verbal-linguistic, spatial-visual, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical. Later 2 added: naturalist, and existential intelligence.
Acronym: 7-9 Very Different Personality Gardner’s. - You can have different strengths independently.
- Intelligence is more than just “book smarts”
- No way to test this theory (not supported by research)
Cognitive Declines as you age
- -Recall
- -Episodic memory
- -Processing speed
- -Divided Attention •
