intelligence

Question 1

Krushinski problem

Answer 1

food is placed in a window where it can be seen and then moved to one end of the enclosure behind a door; intelligent animals are able to obtain the food quickly even when they cant see it

Question 2

imitation experiments

Answer 2

some birds are able to learn tasteful vs. distasteful foods just by watching a neighbors reaction to trying them

Question 3

tool use

Answer 3

woodpecker finches use sticks to spear prey items in small holes
Egyptian vultures throw rocks at ostrich eggs to crack them open
crows and seagulls drop prey or seeds to kill or crack them

Question 4

critical sensory period

Answer 4

learning period of song learning, occurs from listening to what is around them and comparing it to their innate template, it is possible to learn the wrong song

Question 5

silent period

Answer 5

storage of songs from the learning period, learning stops

Question 6

sensorimotor period (sub-song)

Answer 6

motor coordination with memory, infant babbling in an attempt to practice and learn the song; combining acquired songs with the innate template

Question 7

crystallization

Answer 7

song is fully learned and performed with no other changes

Question 8

shared song neighborhoods

Answer 8

areas in which a species all sing a certain song different from other nearby populations

Question 9

song selection by males

Answer 9

sound like your neighbors; combination with female selection

Question 10

song selection by females

Answer 10

sound like your father; combination with male selection

Question 11

improv or mimmicry

Answer 11

some species learn and mimic other species songs and their innate template tells them how many times to repeat it; many species also learn environmental sounds like construction or cars

to improvise some species slur together a selection of mimicked songs to make their own

Question 12

closed learning period

Answer 12

learning stops at some point but may begin again

Question 13

first month learning period

Answer 13

birds with one song stop learning after the first month and sing the song for the rest of their lives

Question 14

first year learning period

Answer 14

no silent period, often learning multiple songs within the continuous learning period; important in song neighborhoods

Question 15

continuous learning period

Answer 15

learning occurs in increments, the period stops to allow crystallization of a song and then begins again in a cycle

Question 16

syrinx

Answer 16

muscles involved in song production, 2 independent pathways that are nearly 100% effective, used with the intraclavicular air sac to produce sounds

Question 17

frequency of songs

Answer 17

high pitch sounds travel shorter distances and are more often used in the upper canopy; low pitch sounds are easily blocked making them more useful in the lower canopy and ground level

Question 18

songs and selection

Answer 18

how often and how well a male sings is indicative of his and his territories quality; song length and syllable speed indicate athletic quality; number of songs can indicate age in continual learners