intelligence

Question 1

theories of intelligence

Answer 1

1. Galton - noticing subtle differences = intelligent
2. Binet - children’s mental age
3. Stern - introduced idea of IQ
4. SPEARMAN - g, factor analysis
5. THURSTONE - multifactor theory
6. CATELL - 2 factory theory - crystalized & fluid intelligence
7. GUILFORD - extended on thurstone - 3 dimensions of skills
8. Vernon - hierarchal theory
9. CAROLL - 3 stratum model
10. GARDNER - multiple intelligence theory
11. STERNBERG - triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 2

implicit theories of intelligence

Answer 2

based on beliefs not supported by experts or evidence

incremental theory: intelligence is malleable
entity theory: intelligence is fixed

Question 3

galton

Answer 3

interested in measuring individual differences in physical and complex mental attributes

argued that people who can notice subtle differences in weight & reaction time have better mental ability

intelligence is hereditary - everyone is born with a certain ability

Question 4

binet

Answer 4

devised a method of identifying weaker elementary school children who would benefit from special education = binet-simon scale of intelligence

gave an indication of child’s mental age

Question 5

stern

Answer 5

introduced concept of IQ
mental age/chronological age x 100

Question 6

spearman - theory of general intelligence

Answer 6

factor analysis = statistical method that summarizes or reduces the complexity of a group of variables
used factor analysis to assess interrelationships between performances on tasks

positive manifold: when people make multiple intellectual tasks and score high on them, they tend to score high on other intellectual tasks as well

                                   general intelligence  verbal               quantitive            abstract visual                  STM reasoning.       reasoning           reasoning

Question 7

thurstone - multifactor theory

Answer 7

argued that g is not the prominent factor in intelligence, but that there are 7 more factors = primary mental abilities

7 primary mental abilities are:
verbal comprehension
word fluency
numbers
space
memory perceptual speed
reasoning

emphasizes the imp of specific skills in describing a persons abilities, rather than just a g that only gives a rough indication of intelligence

used to oppose spearman

Question 8

Catell - 2 factor theory

Answer 8

g is split into 2 factors of intelligence
- crystalized intelligence: consists of factual knowledge accumulated in school and through life - increases over time
- fluid intelligence: ability to see relationships between ideas and objects - decreases with age

Question 9

guilford - elementary skills theory

Answer 9

extended on thurstones theory - there are 120 elementary skills that can be organized in 3 dimensions:
1. operations: type of mental processing a person performs
2. contents: the materials that are processed
3. products: how information is stored and processed

Question 10

vernon - hierarchical theory

Answer 10

intelligence can be organized by a hierarchy with different levels in which different skills can be described

Question 11

caroll - 3 stratum model

Answer 11

stratum 1: 69 different narrow abilities
stratum 2: divided into 8 factors e.g. general memory, learning, crystalized & fluid intelligence
stratum 3: the top and most broad - consists of g

strata do not dominate each other - reflect degree of generality (e.g. stratum 3 is general)

Question 12

gardner - multiple intelligence theory

Answer 12

there are 7 or more intelligences that are independent of each other e.g. verbal, spatial, mathematical etc

because intelligence are independent if you score high on 1 it does not mean u will score high on another

Question 13

sternberg - triarchic theory

Answer 13

intelligence consists of:
- analytical intelligence: judging, contrasting & comparing things
- creative intelligence: exploring, discovering & imagining
- practical intelligence: applying & implementing