humanistic approach

Question 1

phenomenology

Answer 1

the study of consciousness and appearances of things and events as the individual perceives and experiences them in the present

humans seen as beings whose actualization requires much more than the fulfillment of biological needs and of sexual and aggressive instincts

Question 2

self-theory of personality (rogers)

Answer 2

our phenomenal field is the subjective interpretation of our environment and lived experiences
we are prone to feeling alienated and/or detached from our authentic self as a result of seeking approval from others
we are innately positive in our nature

Question 3

actualization principle

Answer 3

the central source of an individuals energy and motivation is their inherent tendency toward actualization, maintenance and enhancement

promotes congruence

Question 4

need for a positive regard

Answer 4

sense of approval - develops alongside self-awareness & helps develop a + self-concept

insufficient + regard creates conditions of worth under which the individual is falsely equated to their behaviors

+ regard has 2 forms: unconditional & conditional

Question 5

conditions of worth

Answer 5

having condition of worth given to us by others causes us to apply them to ourselves

= conditional self-regard: giving ourselves affection/acceptance only when we satisfy those conditions

can interfere with self-actualization as you’re choosing your behavior based on others

Question 6

organismic valuing process

Answer 6

the idea that the organism automatically evaluates its experiences to tell whether they are enhancing actualization

Question 7

congruence & incongruence

Answer 7

congruence between actual and ideal self occurs with self-actualization

incongruence is perceiving a gap between actual and ideal self or experiencing something that doesn’t fit your self-concept

Question 8

self-consistency

Answer 8

having traits that are consistent with one another

Question 9

social cognitive learning theory (bandura)

Answer 9

reciprocal determinism: human behavior is explained in terms of a continous interaction between personal factors, env factors and behavior

people learn not only through own experiences but also by the actions and consequences of others - observation, modelling & imitation

Question 10

SCLT 4 core concepts of personality

Answer 10

1. competence & skills
2. expectancies & beliefs - the different ways people perceive the world
3. evaluative standards - each persons way of judging the value of another person, an event or an object
4. personal goals - individuals have unique motivated courses of action that help them reach their desired future self

Question 11

ways of observational learning

Answer 11

imitation
modelling: learning and internalizing observed behaviors without preforming them first
identification: internalizing other’s characteristics
vicarious learning: internalizing strong emotional responses having observed another’s response
copying behavior of those we consider successful

can be direct (observe ourselves) or indirect (through others’ observations)