behaviorist approach

Question 1

environmental determinism

Answer 1

the env is the biggest contributor to behavior and recognizes human emotions & thoughts as products of one’s env

Question 2

behaviorism

Answer 2

john watson
learning is the main determinant of behavior
differs from Freud because it focuses on external rather than internal factors

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

ivan pavlov
reactions can be acquired by associating one stimulus with another
unconditioned stimulus - food
unconditioned response - salivating to food
neutral/conditioned stimulus - bell
conditioned response - salivating to bell

Question 4

higher order conditioning

Answer 4

when a previously NS has become a CS through its association with an US it can in turn modify one’s reactions to another NS

Question 5

generalization (classical)

Answer 5

responding in a similar way to a similar but not identical stimulus

Question 6

discrimination (classical)

Answer 6

responding differently to different stimuli

Question 7

extinction (classical)

Answer 7

gradual weakening of the tendency to perform a response
occurs when the response is repeated without reinforcement

Question 8

emotional conditioning

Answer 8

same as classical conditioning but when the CR is an emotional reaction
little albert experiment (watson & raynor)
- presented rat with loud bang = albert was afraid of rat

Question 9

operant conditioning

Answer 9

skinner
a type of learning which is based on the consequences produced by responses
active
uses reinforcers & punishments

Question 10

4 types of reinforcers

Answer 10

primary: (in)directly satisfies biological or social needs
secondary: associated with primary reinforcers or with their acquisition (e.g. praise)
generalized: something general that can get you other reinforcers
social: positive effect from social cues that indicate (un)desirable behavior

Question 11

4 types of reinforcement

Answer 11

positive = adding something good
negative = removing something bad
vicarious = copying or avoiding behavior for which others are rewarded or punished
self = (dis)approving your own behaviors & reinforcing yourself accordingly

Question 12

punishment

Answer 12

primary = is unpleasant in and of itself e.g. physical pain
secondary = punishment is learned e.g. getting a bad grade from not studying

positive = adding something bad
negative = removing something good

Question 13

discrimination (operant)

Answer 13

responding differently in the presence of different stimuli
the difference in response results from variations in prior reinforcement

Question 14

generalization (operant)

Answer 14

when a learned behavior is applied in a similar context

e.g. children may learn that they get a reward when they clean their bedroom so they generalize that behavior to cleaning other areas of the house.

Question 15

extinction

Answer 15

no longer providing the reinforcement that has been maintaining a behavior

Question 16

scheduling of reinforcement

Answer 16

continuous = the behavior is followed by a reinforcer every single time
partial = the behavior is followed by a reinforcer only some of the time

behaviors are acquired faster when reinforcement is continuous rather than not

partial reinforcement effect = shows up when reinforcement stops – take away the reinforcer and a behavior acquired by continuous reinforcement will go away quickly, but behavior built by partial reinforcement remains longer

Question 16

scheduling of reinforcement

Answer 16

continuous = the behavior is followed by a reinforcer every single time
partial = the behavior is followed by a reinforcer only some of the time

behaviors are acquired faster when reinforcement is continuous rather than not

partial reinforcement effect = shows up when reinforcement stops – take away the reinforcer and a behavior acquired by continuous reinforcement will go away quickly, but behavior built by partial reinforcement remains longer