Intellectual Disabilities Flashcards
What is the definition of Intellectual Disability (ID) according to WHO, 1992?
Intellectual Disability (ID) is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind, characterised by impairment of skills that contribute to the overall level of intelligence (WHO, 1992).
What skills are impaired in Intellectual Disability (ID)?
Cognitive, language, motor, and social abilities.
According to AAIDD, what characterises Intellectual Disability?
Significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour.
At what age does Intellectual Disability originate?
Before age 18.
What is the IQ range for Very Superior Intelligence?
IQ > 130.
What is the IQ range for Average Intelligence?
IQ range 90-109.
What IQ range is considered Mentally Retarded?
IQ < 70.
What is important to consider when measuring adaptive functioning in individuals with ID?
Use culture-fair assessment tools and evaluate adaptive behaviour by comparing functional abilities to peers of similar age and education.
Name three synonyms for Intellectual Disability.
Mental retardation, learning disability, mental impairment.
What limitations characterise Intellectual Disability according to DSM IV?
Limitations in >2 of communication, self-care, home living, social skills, self-direction, community living, health and safety, academic abilities, leisure, and work.
What is the prevalence of Intellectual Disability in the general population?
1-3%.
What percentage of Intellectual Disability cases are Mild?
80%.
What is the IQ range for Moderate Intellectual Disability?
IQ range 35-49.
What are the key features of Severe and Profound Intellectual Disability?
Severe: IQ 20-34 (3-4%); Profound: IQ < 20 (1-2%).
What physical co-morbidities are common in individuals with severe Intellectual Disability?
Visual impairment, hearing impairment, speech and language disorders, cerebral palsy, seizures.
What psychological co-morbidities are increased in individuals with Intellectual Disability?
ADHD, affective disorders, psychotic disorders, eating disorders.
Who are the key members of a multidisciplinary team for assessing ID?
Developmental or neurology specialists, psychologists, psychiatrists, speech and language therapists, occupational therapists, audiologists, optometrists.
What are essential components of a typical assessment for Intellectual Disability?
Age and culture-appropriate IQ testing, formal assessment of adaptive skills, investigation of family and developmental history, assessment of psychological and behavioural functioning, physical examination, speech assessment, auditory assessment, and relevant investigations.
What are some common ways mental health problems present in children with ID?
Overactivity, attention deficits, self-injurious behaviour, cyclical mood and behaviour change, ritualistic and obsessional behaviours.
Name contributors to psychological difficulties in children with ID.
Severity of ID, social factors like abuse and stigma, schooling, poverty, cause of ID.
What are the goals of management for Intellectual Disability?
Minimise symptoms and disability, reduce risk, teach life skills, improve quality of life, and support families.
What reactions do families often have when caring for someone with severe Intellectual Disability?
Caregivers are often overwhelmed, may reject the individual, and in severe cases, may abandon or institutionalise them.
List common challenging behaviours associated with Intellectual Disability.
Aggression, self-injury, destroying objects, non-compliance, socially inappropriate behaviour.
What strategies can be used to manage challenging behaviour in individuals with ID?
Adapt environment, establish routines, encourage group activities, adapt communication, use modelling, and redirection.
What is the role of medication in managing Intellectual Disability?
Medication is often overused and should not be the first line; it targets symptoms and carries a higher risk of side effects.
What are the needs of individuals with Intellectual Disability in adulthood and old age?
Needs include work, family, independent living, community participation, and addressing the increased risk of Alzheimer’s and other health problems.
Define Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
A complex neurodevelopmental disorder that impacts a child’s ability to communicate and interact socially, usually diagnosed in early childhood, with varying abilities and needs.
What are the DSM criteria for diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Deficits in social communication and interaction, restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, and activities.
What is the estimated prevalence of ASD according to WHO?
1 out of 100 children worldwide.
What are the key etiological factors in Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Genetic factors (20-80 fold risk in 1st degree relatives, associated genetic syndromes) and environmental factors (prenatal, perinatal, postnatal, psychosocial, immunologic).
Describe the typical clinical features of Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Deficits in social communication and interaction, restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, unusual responses to environmental stimuli, self-injurious behaviours, sleep problems.
Name some co-morbidities associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Personality disorders, general medical conditions, developmental disorders, metabolic disorders.
What are some differential diagnoses for Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Social communication disorder, language disorders, selective mutism, sensory deficits, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, psychosocial deprivation, reactive attachment disorder, social anxiety disorder.
What investigations might be carried out to assess Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Audiology testing, electroencephalogram, brain MRI, lead test, wood lamp examination, metabolic screening, genetic testing.
List some instruments used in the assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS-2), childhood autism rating scale (CARS-2), modified checklist for autism in toddlers (M-CHAT), Autism Diagnostic Interview – Reviewed (ADI-R).
What are the goals of managing Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Start early, individualised, intensive, family therapy, multidisciplinary approach, treat co-occurring conditions.
What are some behavioural management strategies used in Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Applied behavioural analysis (ABA), discrete trial training (DTT), pivotal response training (PRT), developmental therapies like speech and language therapy, occupational therapy.
What therapeutic approaches are used in the management of ASD?
Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), social skills groups, educational interventions like TEACCH, socio-relational approaches like floor time.
