Child Development and Early Developmental Theories Flashcards
Developmental stages implies
- Behaviours at a given stage are organised around a dominant theme
- All children go through the same order environmental factors may speed up or slow down development
Major developmental theories
- Freud’s psychosexual stage
- Erikson’s psychosocial stage
- Piaget’d cognitive development stage
- Kohlberg’s moral understanding stage
- Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems
- Behavioural theories
- Attachment theory
- Social learning
According to Sigmund Freud personality is mostly established by the age of __
5
Freud believed that personality develops through
a series of childhood stages during which the pleasure seeking energies of the child become focused on certain erogenous areas
Freud describes ___ as the driving force behind behaviour
psychosexual energy or libido
Fixation
a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage
Psychosexual stages of development
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital
Psychosexual stage development age
The OralStage -
The AnalStage -
The PhallicStage -
The LatentPeriod -
The GenitalStage -
The OralStage 0-2 yrs
The AnalStage 2- 5 yrs
The PhallicStage 5 – 7yrs
The LatentPeriod 7 – 11 yrs
The GenitalStage 11 yrs and above
in Erikson’s view, conflicts are
centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality
Basic Conflict to Event
Trust vs Mistrust -
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt -
Initiative vs Guilt -
Industry vs Inferiority -
Identity vs Role confusion -
Intimacy vs Isolation -
Generativity vs Stagnation
Ego Integrity vs Despair
Trust vs Mistrust - Feeding
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt - Toilet Training
Initiative vs Guilt - Exploration
Industry vs Inferiority - School
Identity vs Role confusion - Social Relationship
Intimacy vs Isolation - Relationships
Generativity vs Stagnation - Worm and Parenthood
Ego Integrity vs Despair - Reflection of Life
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor (0-2)
- Preoperational (2-6)
- Concrete operational (7-11)
- Formal operational (12 and above)
hallmark of preoperational stage
language
Levels of Kohlberg’s moral understanding stage theory
- preconventional
- conventional
- post conventional
preconventional morality stages
- obedience and punishment
- individual interest
Stages of conventional morality
- interpersonal
- authority
stages of post conventional morality
- social contract
- universal ethics
Bronfenbrenner believed that
a person’s development was affected by everything in their surrounding environment.
Five environmental systems
micro, meso, exo, macro and chrono
microsystem
This is the first, and closest, layer of the nested systems which encompasses an individual’shuman relationships, interpersonal interactions and most immediate surroundings.
mesosystem
encompasses the different interactions between the characters contained within the microsystem
exosystem
incorporates elements of the bio-ecological systems which do not directly affect the child, but may have an indirect influence.
macro system
encompasses cultural and societal beliefs, decisions and actions which influence an individual child’s development.
Classical conditioning was discovered by
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov
classical conditioning is
a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
extinction describes
the gradual decline of a behavior when the CS(Conditioned Stimulus) is repeatedly presented without the US(Unconditioned Stimulus)
operant conditioning is sometimes referred to as
instrumental conditioning
Presentation punishment type 1
Weakening a behavior by presenting an aversive stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred
Shaping
Reducing complex behaviors into a sequence of more simple behaviors
attachment can be defined as
a deep and enduring emotional bond between two people in which each seeks closeness and feels more secure when in the presence of theattachmentfigure
attachment theory states that
a strong emotional and physical attachment to at least one primary caregiver is critical to personal development.
Distinguishing characteristics of attachment
Proximity maintenance, Safe haven, Secure base and Separation distress
Ainsworth three major styles of attachment
secure, ambivalent-insecure, avoidant-insecure
