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Psychiatry > Child Development and Early Developmental Theories > Flashcards

Child Development and Early Developmental Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental stages implies

A
  • Behaviours at a given stage are organised around a dominant theme
  • All children go through the same order environmental factors may speed up or slow down development
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2
Q

Major developmental theories

A
  1. Freud’s psychosexual stage
  2. Erikson’s psychosocial stage
  3. Piaget’d cognitive development stage
  4. Kohlberg’s moral understanding stage
  5. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems
  6. Behavioural theories
  7. Attachment theory
  8. Social learning
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3
Q

According to Sigmund Freud personality is mostly established by the age of __

A

5

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4
Q

Freud believed that personality develops through

A

a series of childhood stages during which the pleasure seeking energies of the child become focused on certain erogenous areas

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5
Q

Freud describes ___ as the driving force behind behaviour

A

psychosexual energy or libido

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6
Q

Fixation

A

a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage

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7
Q

Psychosexual stages of development

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital

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8
Q

Psychosexual stage development age

The OralStage -
The AnalStage -
The PhallicStage -
The LatentPeriod -
The GenitalStage -

A

The OralStage 0-2 yrs
The AnalStage 2- 5 yrs
The PhallicStage 5 – 7yrs
The LatentPeriod 7 – 11 yrs
The GenitalStage 11 yrs and above

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9
Q

in Erikson’s view, conflicts are

A

centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality

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10
Q

Basic Conflict to Event
Trust vs Mistrust -
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt -
Initiative vs Guilt -
Industry vs Inferiority -
Identity vs Role confusion -
Intimacy vs Isolation -
Generativity vs Stagnation
Ego Integrity vs Despair

A

Trust vs Mistrust - Feeding

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt - Toilet Training

Initiative vs Guilt - Exploration

Industry vs Inferiority - School

Identity vs Role confusion - Social Relationship

Intimacy vs Isolation - Relationships

Generativity vs Stagnation - Worm and Parenthood

Ego Integrity vs Despair - Reflection of Life

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11
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A
  • Sensorimotor (0-2)
  • Preoperational (2-6)
  • Concrete operational (7-11)
  • Formal operational (12 and above)
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12
Q

hallmark of preoperational stage

A

language

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13
Q

Levels of Kohlberg’s moral understanding stage theory

A
  • preconventional
  • conventional
  • post conventional
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14
Q

preconventional morality stages

A
  1. obedience and punishment
  2. individual interest
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15
Q

Stages of conventional morality

A
  1. interpersonal
  2. authority
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16
Q

stages of post conventional morality

A
  1. social contract
  2. universal ethics
17
Q

Bronfenbrenner believed that

A

a person’s development was affected by everything in their surrounding environment.

18
Q

Five environmental systems

A

micro, meso, exo, macro and chrono

19
Q

microsystem

A

This is the first, and closest, layer of the nested systems which encompasses an individual’shuman relationships, interpersonal interactions and most immediate surroundings.

20
Q

mesosystem

A

encompasses the different interactions between the characters contained within the microsystem

21
Q

exosystem

A

incorporates elements of the bio-ecological systems which do not directly affect the child, but may have an indirect influence.

22
Q

macro system

A

encompasses cultural and societal beliefs, decisions and actions which influence an individual child’s development.

23
Q

Classical conditioning was discovered by

A

Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov

24
Q

classical conditioning is

A

a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

25
Q

extinction describes

A

the gradual decline of a behavior when the CS(Conditioned Stimulus) is repeatedly presented without the US(Unconditioned Stimulus)

26
Q

operant conditioning is sometimes referred to as

A

instrumental conditioning

27
Q

Presentation punishment type 1

A

Weakening a behavior by presenting an aversive stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred

28
Q

Shaping

A

Reducing complex behaviors into a sequence of more simple behaviors

29
Q

attachment can be defined as

A

a deep and enduring emotional bond between two people in which each seeks closeness and feels more secure when in the presence of theattachmentfigure

30
Q

attachment theory states that

A

a strong emotional and physical attachment to at least one primary caregiver is critical to personal development.

31
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of attachment

A

Proximity maintenance, Safe haven, Secure base and Separation distress

32
Q

Ainsworth three major styles of attachment

A

secure, ambivalent-insecure, avoidant-insecure

Psychiatry (12 decks)

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