Intellectual Development in childhood and adolescence Flashcards
What age is the Sensorimotor motor stage
Birth 2- years
what is the sensorimotor stage
Experiences the world through basic reflexes, senses, and motor responses.
Learns through basic actions: sucking, looking, grasping, listening.
Develops object permanence, understanding that objects exist even when not visible.
Begins to differentiate self from others.
Learns cause and effect, understanding that their actions can cause things to happen and others can react.
What age is the preoperational stage
2-7 years
What is the preoperational stage
Emergence of language skills.
Development of symbolic thinking, using words and pictures to represent objects and ideas.
Egocentricity, seeing their actions as key to making things happen and struggling to understand other people’s perspectives.
Concrete thinking, difficulty with abstract or hypothetical concepts.
Lack of understanding of conservation, the idea that quantity or properties of objects can remain the same despite changes in appearance.
What age is the concrete operational stage
7-12 years
what is the concrete operational stage
Ability to experiment with and manipulate real objects.
Understanding of conservation of number, mass, and volume.
Development of classification skills and organized thinking.
Use of inductive logic, drawing conclusions from specific information and general principles.
Continued struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts, still primarily concrete in thinking.
Reduced egocentrism, ability to consider others’ perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings.
Recognition of individuality, understanding that their thoughts and perspectives may differ from others.
What age is the formal operational stage
12 and upwards
What is the formal operational stage
Development of complex abstract reasoning skills.
Ability to think about hypothetical questions and situations.
Engagement in moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues using abstract reasoning.
Utilization of deductive logic, reasoning from general principles.
Consideration of a range of possible outcomes and perspectives.
Increased capacity for critical thinking and problem-solving.
Development of personal identity and exploration of future possibilities.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
The Zone of Proximal Development refers to the gap between a child’s independent problem-solving ability and their potential capacity when supported by guidance or collaboration.
What is scaffolding in learning?
Scaffolding is a process where learning is supported by providing assistance, guidance, and structure to help learners develop new skills and knowledge. It builds on existing abilities to facilitate learning and instill confidence to progress.
How does language play a role in learning?
Language is age-appropriate and reciprocal, fostering a learning partnership between children and their caregivers or peers. It enables communication, instruction, and the exchange of knowledge, promoting cognitive and social development.
What is phenomenism in relation to illness?
Phenomenism refers to the belief, common among children aged 2-4, that particular objects are the cause of illness, without any understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved.
What is contagion as an explanation of illness?
Contagion is the belief, typically seen in children aged 4-7, that illness is caused by being in close proximity to ill people or specific objects associated with illness.
How is illness explained during the contamination stage?
During the contamination stage (7-9 years), children believe that illness is caused by physical contact with an ill person. They may view it as a punishment for misbehavior.
What characterizes the internalization stage of illness explanation?
In the internalization stage (9-11 years), children understand that illness is located within the body but may still attribute it to external factors, such as catching a cold because of being exposed to cold temperatures.
