Intellectual Development in childhood and adolescence Flashcards
What age is the Sensorimotor motor stage
Birth 2- years
what is the sensorimotor stage
Experiences the world through basic reflexes, senses, and motor responses.
Learns through basic actions: sucking, looking, grasping, listening.
Develops object permanence, understanding that objects exist even when not visible.
Begins to differentiate self from others.
Learns cause and effect, understanding that their actions can cause things to happen and others can react.
What age is the preoperational stage
2-7 years
What is the preoperational stage
Emergence of language skills.
Development of symbolic thinking, using words and pictures to represent objects and ideas.
Egocentricity, seeing their actions as key to making things happen and struggling to understand other people’s perspectives.
Concrete thinking, difficulty with abstract or hypothetical concepts.
Lack of understanding of conservation, the idea that quantity or properties of objects can remain the same despite changes in appearance.
What age is the concrete operational stage
7-12 years
what is the concrete operational stage
Ability to experiment with and manipulate real objects.
Understanding of conservation of number, mass, and volume.
Development of classification skills and organized thinking.
Use of inductive logic, drawing conclusions from specific information and general principles.
Continued struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts, still primarily concrete in thinking.
Reduced egocentrism, ability to consider others’ perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings.
Recognition of individuality, understanding that their thoughts and perspectives may differ from others.
What age is the formal operational stage
12 and upwards
What is the formal operational stage
Development of complex abstract reasoning skills.
Ability to think about hypothetical questions and situations.
Engagement in moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues using abstract reasoning.
Utilization of deductive logic, reasoning from general principles.
Consideration of a range of possible outcomes and perspectives.
Increased capacity for critical thinking and problem-solving.
Development of personal identity and exploration of future possibilities.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
The Zone of Proximal Development refers to the gap between a child’s independent problem-solving ability and their potential capacity when supported by guidance or collaboration.
What is scaffolding in learning?
Scaffolding is a process where learning is supported by providing assistance, guidance, and structure to help learners develop new skills and knowledge. It builds on existing abilities to facilitate learning and instill confidence to progress.
How does language play a role in learning?
Language is age-appropriate and reciprocal, fostering a learning partnership between children and their caregivers or peers. It enables communication, instruction, and the exchange of knowledge, promoting cognitive and social development.
What is phenomenism in relation to illness?
Phenomenism refers to the belief, common among children aged 2-4, that particular objects are the cause of illness, without any understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved.
What is contagion as an explanation of illness?
Contagion is the belief, typically seen in children aged 4-7, that illness is caused by being in close proximity to ill people or specific objects associated with illness.
How is illness explained during the contamination stage?
During the contamination stage (7-9 years), children believe that illness is caused by physical contact with an ill person. They may view it as a punishment for misbehavior.
What characterizes the internalization stage of illness explanation?
In the internalization stage (9-11 years), children understand that illness is located within the body but may still attribute it to external factors, such as catching a cold because of being exposed to cold temperatures.
What is the psychophysiological explanation of illness?
In the psychophysiological stage (16+ years), individuals recognize that psychological factors like stress and fatigue can impact physiological processes, leading to illness.
What is gonadarche?
Gonadarche is a biological process that marks the beginning of puberty. It involves the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and leads to the development of reproductive competence.
What is adrenarche?
Adrenarche is another process that occurs during puberty. It involves the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and typically begins earlier than gonadarche.
What happens during the activation of the growth axis in puberty?
The activation of the growth axis during puberty results in a linear growth spurt, which usually occurs around age 12 in girls and age 14 in boys. It also brings about changes in body size and composition.
What is synaptic pruning?
Synaptic pruning is a process in brain development where frequently used connections between neurons are strengthened, while infrequently used connections are eliminated. This leads to a more efficient and specialized neural network.
What is the role of white matter in the brain?
White matter in the brain is responsible for controlling actions, such as regulating body temperature, heart rate, and releasing hormones. It consists of myelinated nerve fibers that facilitate communication between different brain regions.
: What functions does grey matter in the brain serve?
: Grey matter in the brain plays a role in muscle control, sensory perception, and speech. It contains the cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses of neurons.
How does the amount of grey matter change during adolescence?
During adolescence, there is a decrease in grey matter volume over time. This process, known as cortical thinning, reflects the elimination of unused or less efficient neural connections.
Which areas of the brain mature first during adolescence?
Parts of the brain controlling physical movement, vision, and senses tend to mature earlier in adolescence compared to other areas. These regions develop earlier as they are crucial for basic functions and survival.
Which areas of the brain mature later in adolescence?
Areas involving memory and attention tend to mature later in adolescence. These regions are responsible for higher-order cognitive functions and undergo significant development during the later stages of adolescence.
