Integumentary System Flashcards
Name three accessory organs and layers of the skin
skin
a. Epidermis
b. Dermis
2. accessory organs
a. Hair
b. Nails
c. Glands
The skin covers the entire body and provides protection against injuries, infection, and toxic compounds true or false
True
The system contains many nerve endings that act as RECEPTORS for pain, temperature, touch, and pressure. True or false
True
Another name for subcutaneous layer is
Hypodermis layer
1 square inch of skin there are 4 yards of nerve fibers, 1300 nerve cells, 100 sweat glands, 3 million cells, and 3 yards of blood vessels true or false
True
Name five functions of the skin
The body’s 1st line of defense against germs and pathogens
- Insulates body
- Stored source of energy
- Shock-absorbing pad
- Waterproof layer
Which layer of the skin is outer layer, thin sheet of stratified squamous epithelium
Epidermis
Which layer is the skin is thicker, made largely of connective tissue
•Both layers are supported by a thick layer of loose connective tissue and fat: subcutaneous tissue
Dermis
The skin is made up of cutaneous membrane which is a sheet like organ true or false
True
The epidermis Contains is superficial layer of dead skin cells called ?
•The stratum corneum is composed of cells called ?
Stratum corneum
Keratin
The epidermis Is multilayered.
•Is AVASCULAR (no blood vessels)
•Has no nerve tissue (can’t feel pain)
True or false
True
Which layer of the epidermis which is layered with epithelial cells is this : the innermost layer, undergoes mitosis enabling skin to repair itself
-new cells move upward, near surface is replaced with keratin (tough, waterproof)
Stratum germinativum
Which layer of the epidermis which is layered w epithelial cells is this : outer layer of epidermis
- keratin filled cells are pushed to surface, are dislodged and flake off
Stratum corneum
Name the major layers of the epidermis
The epidermis contains four (thin skin) to five major layers (thick skin):
–Stratum basale (deepest layer)
–Stratum spinosum, 8-10 layers of keratinocytes
–Stratum granulosum – thin layer where keratinocytes become filled with keratin, flatten, and lose their nuclei.
–Stratum lucidum is present only in thick skin (fingertips, palms, and soles), reduces friction, clear under microscope. Dead cells.
–Stratum corneum (most superficial)
Name the cells of the epidermis
Keratinocytes (90% of the cells) produce keratin which is a tough fibrous protein that provides protection
•Melanocytes: which produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation
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Cells of the Epidermis
•Langerhans cells: involved in immune responses, arise from red
What are dermal epidermal junctions
Junctions
•Area of contact between the dermis and epidermis
•Blisters will form here if the junction is damaged
Which layer
•Contains nerves and nerve endings, muscle fibers, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, and blood vessels
Dermis
How many layers does the dermis have and name em
Has two distinct layers:
1. Papillary Layer (more superficial)
2. Reticular Layer (deeper)
•Accessory organs begin the dermis.
•Some of the accessory organs end or cross into the epidermis.
•The dermis contains blood vessels and nerve tissue.
Dermal papillae
- peg-like projections of upper region of dermis, part of dermal-epidermal junction
- form grooves that make fingerprints
True or false
True
Where is subcut found
Deep to the dermis
Which layer of the skin contains this : contains the larger blood vessels of the skin.
•It is composed of adipose (fat) tissue, a form of connective tissue.
•
Deep to the subQ layer is the ? that covers the muscles beneath.
Subcut fat or superficial fascia
Fascial layer
Difference between calluses and corns
Calluses are generally on the soles of the feet while corns are between the toes or on the outside of the toe
Melanocytes
–Produced by a skin pigment called MELANIN
–Melanin also produces freckles and mole true or false
True
Fingernails grow nearly 4 times faster than toenails. True or false
True
Which layer of the dermis is responsible for fingerprints
The papillary layer is the layer of the dermis responsible for fingerprints.
Which layer of the epidermis is the stratum where dandruff, calluses, and corns occur?
Stratum corneum
Which follicles are present are birth
Hair follicles
What is lanugo
Lanugo: fine, soft hair of newborn; falls out shortly after birth
•Hair follicles: cells of epidermal layer grow down into dermis forming a small tube
What are hair papilla, hair shaft,hair root
Hair papilla: small cap-shaped cluster of cells where hair growth begins (nourished by dermal blood vessels)
•Hair root: hidden in follicle
•Hair shaft: visible part, dead, keratinized epithelial cells
Hair color – mostly due to melanin
•New hair will replace any lost as long as the hair follicle remain aliv true or false
True
What muscle is this ? bundles of smooth muscle that cause hairs to “stand up”, usually only contract when frightened or cold (goose bumps)
Arrector pili muscle
Name the receptors that make it possible for the skin to act as a sense organ
Meissner’s corpuscle: located close to surface, detecting sensations of light touch
RECEPTORS
2. Pacinian corpuscle: located deep located deep in dermis, detects pressure of skin’s surface
Name the parts of the nails
Nail body: visible part
•Root: hidden by a fold of skin, cell division occurs here
•Cuticle: fold of skin over nail root
NAILS
•Lanula: crest-shaped white area near root, extent of growing region
Nail bed: layer of epithelial tissue under the nail body, rich in blood vessels, appears pink
Name the types of sweat glands and what is the sebaceous gland
Sweat (sudoriferous) glands:
1. Eccrine sweat glands- most numerous, small and distributed over most of body’s surface, produces perspiration which eliminates wastes(ammonia, uric acid), helps maintain body temperature
Functions to cool the body, also released during stress
SKIN GLANDS
2. Apocrine sweat glands—primarily in skin of armpit and genitalia, secrete a milky secretion, odor caused by contamination and decomposition of secretion by skin bacteria, enlarge and begin to function at puberty
SKIN GLANDS
•Sebaceous glands: secrete oil, ducts open into hair follicles, sebum is the secretion that lubricates hair and skin (increases during adolescence)
•A build up of oil and dirt causes acne
Name the effects of an aging skin
blood flow to the skin is reduced • skin becomes thinner & more transparent • less collagen – more easily damaged • less elastin & fat causes wrinkles • age spots, discoloration, gray hairs
Name some examples of skin cancer and what are they
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA • most frequent type of skin cancer • begins in stratum basale and goes into dermis • treatment: surgery or radiation • does not metastasize
Basal cell carcinoma is a form of cancer that affects the mitotically active stem cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis.
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
• cells above statum basale
• can metastasize & cause death
Squamous cell carcinoma is a cancer that affects the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum and presents as lesions commonly found on the scalp, ears, and hands (
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
• from melanocytes in a mole
• can metastasize & cause death
melanoma is a cancer characterized by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the epidermis. Typically, a melanoma develops from a mole. It is the most fatal of all skin cancers, as it is highly metastatic and can be difficult to detect before it has spread to other organs. Melanomas usually appear as asymmetrical brown and black patches with uneven borders and a raised surface (
What infection involves hair follicle & sebaceous gland
• also can have a significant hormonal cause
Acne
Name some skin diseases
Acne Vulgaris •Psoriasis •Herpes Simplex I (cold sores) •Eczema •Herpes Zoster (Shingles) •Malignant Melanoma •Ringworm •Genital Herpes •Athlete’s Foot •Boils and Carbuncles •Impetigo •Basal Cell Carcinoma •Squamous Cell Carcinoma •Alopecia •Albinism •Warts (verrucae) •Keloids •Scabies
Burns may be cause by? Name four examples
Fire •Hot surfaces •UV rays •Electric currents •Chemicals
Treatment and recovery of burns depends on?
Depends on the total amount of the body burned & the severity of the burn
Importance of the rule of nines
used for adults to estimate the percentage of the body burned
“Rule of Nines”
•must be adjusted slightly for children
must be adjusted slightly for children because their proportions are different from adults
Burns on both arms is how much percentage? On the face is how much, on the legs are how much on the reproductive organ is how much and the chest and stomach area is how much and the back area
On one arm is 4 and half both arms is 9 percent
On the face is 4 and half and the back of the head is 4 and half
One leg is 9 percent so both is 18 percent
Chest is 18 and back is 18
Reproductive area is 1 percent
In kids the only difference is the face is 9 and back of head is 9
Leg is 7 so bth is 14
•Degree of burn is decided according to the number of skin layers involved true or false
True
What is a first degree burn
First Degree Burn – involves only the upper epidermis
•causes reddening of the skin, minor discomfort
•Ex.) mild sunburn
Second degree burn
Second Degree Burn – involves deep epidermal layers and damages upper dermal layers
•damages sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands
•causes blistering, severs pain, swelling, fluid loss, scarring
Third degree burn
Third Degree Burns – complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis, damages the subcutaneous tissue & sometimes muscle and bone
•lesions are insensitive to pain at first
•causes serious scarring, extremely susceptible to infection
What is adiposis,lipoid,steatoma
Abnormal condition of fat
Resembling fat
Tumor of fat
What is anhidrosis ,keratosis,onchomycosis
Hidro/o sweat
Anhidrosis - abnormal condition of sweat
Kerat/o horny tissue
keratosis- - abnormal condition of hard tissue
Myc/o fungus
Onychomycosis – abnormal condition of fungal toenails
What is onychomalacia
Onychomalacia
softenting of nails
What is xeroderma,trichopathy,pilonidal cyst, diaphoresis ,hidrosis not hydrosis ,hidradenoma
Dry skin
Disease of the hair
Cyst that pertains to a nest of hair
Excessive sweating
an abnormal condition of sweat that causes blistering and peeling of the palms and soles.(hidro is sweat and hydro is water)
hidradenoma is a tumor of the sweat gland.
the dermis is attached to the underlying structures of the skin by subcutaneous tissue.
The subcutaneous tissue forms lip/o/cytes, or fat cells. True or false
True
What is suction lipectomy
removal of the subcutaneous fat tissue using a blunt-tipped cannula (tube) introduced into the fatty area through a small incision. Suction is then applied and fat tissue is removed.
What is dermatosclerosis
Therefore, dermatosclerosis is literally translated as a disease that results in the hardening of the skin. Also known as scleroderma, this disease is an autoimmune disease that results in scarring of the vital organs resulting in death.
What is mycodermatitis
mycodermatitis is an inflammatory disease of the skin caused by a fungus. A common example of this is ATHLETE’S FOOT or TINEA PEDIS.
What is xerophagia,Tichomycosis,Adipocele,Dermatoplasty
Condition of eating only dry foods
A fungal disease of the hair
A hernia of fat cells
Plastic surgery of the skin
Difference between melanoma and melanosis
Melanosis is the abnormal condition of black.
A melanoma is a tumor of black pigment.
What is debucitus ulcer
DECUBITUS ULCER is a bedsore that penetrates both epidermis and dermis.
What is psorasis,abrasions,alopecia,contusion ,cysts,ecchymosis,eczema,fissure,hirsutism,impetigo,laceration,nodules,macules, papules
PSORIASIS is a chronic disease that is characterized by red lesions covered by silvery scales.
ABRASIONS are scrapes
ALOPECIA is an absence or loss of hair.
CONTUSION is a collection of dried blood beneath the skin. Commonly called bruises.
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CYSTs are closed sacs containing fluid or solid material.
ECCHYMOSIS is discoloration of the skin due to a bruise.
ECZEMA is an inflammatory skin disease with red, itchy skin. Sometimes has associated blisters (bullae)
FISSURE is a crack in the skin. Usually associated with dry, scaly skin.
HIRSUTISM is a condition characterized by excessive hair growth.
IMPETIGO is an inflammatory skin disease with isolated pustules that rupture.
LACERATION is a tearing of the skin. Irregular borders.
MACULEs are flat, discolored lesions.
NODULEs are palpable lesions larger than a macule. Usually between 1-2 cm
PAPULEs are solid elevated lesions
What are prickle cells
Spinous cells, or prickle cells, are keratin producing epidermal cells owing their prickly appearance to their numerous intracellular connections. They make up the stratum spinosum (prickly layer) of the epidermis and provide a continuous net-like layer of protection for underlying tissue.
