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Physiology 3 And Physiology For GE > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the importance of the nervous system

A 
1.Sensing the world
●Vision, Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch
2.Transmitting information
3.Processing information
4.Producing a response
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2
Q

Name the parts and functions of the neuron

A

●Dendrites : recieve chemical signals from neighboring cells.
●Cell Body: contains the nucleus & organelles
●Axon: long extension that carries electrical messages away from the body to the terminal axons or relays info from the body to the terminal axon
●Terminal Axons: passes the signal to the next cell or the target organ
●Myelin sheath: Protective covering for axon

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3
Q

If the nerve cell body or soma is destroyed, the entire neuron dies true or false

A

True

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4
Q

What is the importance of glial cells

A

are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons.

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5
Q

Name the type of neurons

A

Sensory neuron: is unipolar . This means they have one structure extending from the cell body. They are found in the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia. A sensory neuron is a neuron that detects stimuli.

Motor neuron: A multipolar neuron is a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches) and are found in the autonomic ganglia. Motor neuron receives the information from the interneuron and sends the message from the CNS to the rest of the body for muscle response

Interneuron: it is multipolar and it send what the sensory neuron senses to the CNs and sends the CNs response to the motor neuron

Note better: a bipolar neuron, or bipolar cell, is a type of neuron that has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite). Many bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of sense.

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6
Q

What are the differences between the types of neurons

A

Difference between motor and sensory neurons
Sensory are unipolar and motor are multipolar
Sensory are found in the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal nerve in the sense organs and motor are found in the ventral root ganglion of the spinal cord in the muscles and glands

The cell body is bigger in sensory neuron than in motor and inter neuron
SN cell body has not dentures u like MN and IN
Inter neuron has no myelin sheath but Mn and SN have

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7
Q

Where are no myliemated neurons found

A

Nonmyelinated nerves are found also in the motor nerves of the visceral smooth muscles and the sensory nerves of pain, taste, and smell.

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8
Q

What is the reflex arc

A

the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action,

In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain.

●Reflexes are automatic
●The Stimulus (nail ) is received by the sensory neurons in the foot
●This info travels to the spine, where the interneuron is triggered
●The interneuron transmits signal to brain (through the spinal cord)and carries message back and stimulates the motor neuron, to move the foot

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9
Q

Why are interneurons unmylienated

A

as a rule interneurons have shorter axons, when compared to the principal (projections) neurons. They unlikely to travel on a long distance and therefore are not myelinated.

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10
Q

What are afferent and efferent neurons

A

Afferent: nerve fibers which carry impulses away from the periphery towards the CNs

Efferent: carries impulses towards the periphery from the CNs

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11
Q

What is a nerve impulse

A

A progressive wave of electric and chemical activity along a nerve fiber that stimulates or inhibits the action of a muscle, gland, or other nerve cell

*This is how the information moves from sensory neurons to interneuron to motor neurons
Nerve Impulse

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12
Q

Function of spinal cord

A

Spinal Cord – connects and relays nerve impulses to the brain

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13
Q

Peripheral nervous system is made up of which neurons

A

Sensory and motor

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14
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A 
Central Nervous System
●Brain
●Cerebrum
●Cerebellum
●Brain Stem and Pons
●Lobes (4)
●Spinal Cord
●“information superhighway”
●Peripheral nervous system 
●Autonomic
●Sympathetic
●Fight or Flight
●Parasympathetic
●Relaxation
●Somatic
●Sensory and Motor Nerves
●Reflex Arc
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15
Q

Name the functions of the cerebellum

A

Cerebellum
•Smaller part of the brain ,towards the back

FUNCTIONS:
•Coordinates all movement
•Helps maintain posture, muscle control, and balance

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16
Q

Name the function of the cerebrum

A

Cerebrum

●Large front part of the brain
FUNCTIONS:
●Voluntary activity
●Memory
●Language
●Receives and responds  to sensory signals
●Controls motor functions
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17
Q

Function of the cortex

A

Top layer of the brain
Stores: experiences and/or learning

Frontal- behavior & emotion
Temporal- memory & emotion, speech and hearing
Occipital- vision
Parietal- sensory info concerning touch

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18
Q

Function of pons and brain stem

A 
Brain Stem and Pons
BRAIN STEM
●swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting
●Includes the
Medulla Oblongata: cardiovascular stuff

It plays an essential role in passing messages between your spinal cord and brain. It’s also essential for regulating your cardiovascular and respiratory systems

PONS
●Breathing
●Heart rate
●Internal Organs

Brain Stem and Pons
BRAIN STEM
●swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting
●Includes the
Medulla Oblongata

PONS
●Breathing
●Heart rate
●Internal Organs

Medulla oblongata
•Damage in this area will usually kill you

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19
Q

Function of the limbic system or paleomammalian cortex

A

you.

controls: emotions and memories”

Damage to these areas can lead to amnesia or emotional disturbances

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20
Q

Name and explain three mental disorders

A

Depression: severe state of sadness that is continuous most of the time
•Anxiety: distress, fear, worry and related emotional upset
•Schizophrenia: complex disorder with abnormal behaviors and thought disorders like hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotion, and disorganized thoughts, speech, and behavior

21
Q

Name and explain three diseases of the nervous system

A

Traumatic Brain Injury: concussion ruptures microtubules inside of neurons and nerve-to-nerve contacts due to mechanical forces (such as sports injuries, car crashes, etc.)
•Epilepsy: random episodes of convulsions due to overactive neurons
•Stroke: interruption of blood supply to brain, due either to hemorrhage or to blocked arteries that can damage function associated with the affected area of the brain (ex: partial paralysis)
•Parkinson’s disease: a disease of old age causing continuous trembling that progresses to depression and poor ability to move
•Alzheimer’s disease: a disease of old age that kills nerve cells, starting in the outer parts of brain (cerebral cort

22
Q

What is a neuron

A

is a basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
It is a highly differentiated and specialized excitable tissue.

23
Q

Nerves or neurons allow you to react to a stimulus.

A stimulus is a change in the environment. True or false

A

True

24
Q

Name three functions of neurons

A

Reception of the stimulus

  • Generation of the nerve Impulse
  • Transmission of the nerve Impulse
25
Q

Name some of the shapes of the soma , some of the organelles present in the soma and what makes up the perikaryon

A

fferent shapes
–Fusiform, stellate, oval, rounded, pyramidal.

perikaryon= cytoplasm which has:
–Nissl bodies
–Neurofibrils
•All organelles:
     –   mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes & Golgi apparatus
26
Q

What are nissl bodies and neurofibrils

A

Nissl bodies

Are rough endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes
–Stained with basic dyes
–Composed of RNA & polysomes.
–Tigroid substance (due to striped appearance)
–Not present in the axon
–Synthesis of proteins
–Dissolve & disappear if cell injured (nerve cut, injured, fatigued, poisoned)

Neurofibrils

Are rough endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes
–Stained with basic dyes
–Composed of RNA & polysomes.
–Tigroid substance (due to striped appearance)
–Not present in the axon
–Synthesis of proteins
–Dissolve & disappear if cell injured (nerve cut, injured, fatigued, poisoned)

27
Q

Another name for the axon is

A

Axis cylinder and nerve fibre

28
Q

What is the axon hillock and trigger zone

A

A single axon arises from a cone-shaped area of the neuronal cell body called the axon hillock
•Axon hillock & first 100 µm of axon (no myelin sheath) is called Initial segment.
•Trigger zone: is the name given to the axon hillock & the initial segment. It is an area that shows high excitability and a nerve impulse is generated here.

29
Q

What is the axon made up of

A

Jelly-like semi fluid substance called Axoplasm
•Plasma membrane called Axolemma
•Mitochondria and ER
•No Nissl granules so Does NOT synthesize proteins.

30
Q

Axon break up into no. of terminal branches called?

–At their end is a small swelling called ?

A

Telodendria or terminal filaments

2.Terminal knob: in the terminal knobs are vesicles with neurotransmitter substances

31
Q

Function of dendrites

A

Receive and then carry impulses to the cell body
•Small knob-like projections called dendritic spines
•Have all the components of the cell body

32
Q

Interneuron are bipolar true or false

A

True

33
Q

Myelin is not part of the structure of the neuron but consists of a thick layer mostly made up of lipids, present at regular intervals along the length of the axon. True or false

A

True

34
Q

The water-soluble ions carrying the current across the membrane cannot permeate this coat, it act as an insulator, just like the white coating of the electric wires and prevents the leakage of ions from the neuron through its membrane. True or false

A

True

35
Q

How does myelination occur

A

Myelination is carried out by myelin-forming cells that wrap themselves around the axons in jelly-roll fashion. These myelin-forming cells are Schwann cells in the PNS (peripheral nervous system) and the Oligodendrocytes in the CNS (brain & the spinal cord

36
Q

Myelin is not part of the structure of the neuron but is created by the Schwann cells true or false

A

True

37
Q

Difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

A

Is outside the CNS and Neurons CAN regenerate and
Neurons can recover after injury

Oligo-inside the CnS and Neurons CANNOT regenerate
Neurons DIE after injury

38
Q

Hep does the Schwann cells act

A

the nerve cell invaginates the schwann cell…
•The schwann cell wraps around the axon in concentric spirals.
•Collectively, the various layers form the myelin sheath

39
Q

In myelinated nerve fiber, the myelin sheath is not a continuous sheath, but is deficient at regular intervals. True or false

A

True

40
Q

Importance of the node of Ranvier

A

It helps w action potential production

Between the myelinated regions, at the NODES OF RANVIER, the axonal membrane is bare and exposed to the ECF.
•Current can flow across the membrane only at these bare spaces to produce action potentials.
•Voltage-gated Na+ channels are concentrated at these regions.

41
Q

Importance of myelin sheaths

A

They speed up transmission or electrical impulses

42
Q

Difference between nerve fibers in the CNs

A

Myelinated (WHITE MATTER)
–Only single nerve fiber invaginates single cell
–Concentric layers of schwann cells wrapped around the fiber
–No cytoplasm as all squeezed out- process called myelination
–Outermost layer called Neurilemma or sheath of schwann
–White appearance (white matter)
•Unmyelinated (GREY MATTER)
–Small diameter fibers
–The nerve fiber only invaginates
–No concentric layers or wrapping
–A single schwann cell is invaginated by multiple nerve fibers
–Nerve fibers surrounded by Schwann cell cytoplasm
–Gray appearance (gray matter)

43
Q

Difference between nerves inside the CNS

A

Nerve fibers lying WITHIN the CNS
•Myelinated fibers
–Myelin sheath produced by Oligodendrocytes
–Myelinates upto 6 nerve fibers at a time.
–Do not aid in regeneration

•Unmyelinated fibers
–Not supported by Oligodendrocytes
–Indirectly supported by mass of surrounding tissues.
–Do not aid in regeneration.

44
Q

What is saltatory conduction and what is the basis

A

In a myelinated nerve fiber, the nerve impulse “jumps” from node to node skipping over the myelinated sections of the axons. This process is called Saltatory conduction.
Basis: Saltatory conduction propagates nerve impulse more rapidly because the nerve impulse has to be generated only at the nodes of ranvier and not repeatedly. Thus, it is faster.

45
Q

Factors that affect the rate of action potential conduction

A

Myelination : Myelin contains the substance “Sphingomyelin” (lipid) which is an excellent electric insulator decreasing the ion flow through the membrane by 5,000 fold and insulates against leakage.
•The higher the capacitance and the better the insulation, the faster the nerve impulse will travel along the neuron

and diameter of nerve fiber: When fiber diameter increases, resistance to local current decreases, SO:
The larger the diameter of the nerve fiber, the faster it can propagate action potential.

46
Q

Action potentials race along myelinated nerve fibres at rates of up to 100 metres/second or more, but can barely manage 1 metre/second in many unmyelinated fibres. True or false

A

True

47
Q

Name the layers of the nerve fibers

A

Endoneurium: finely reticular tissue lying just next to neurilemma.
Surrounds individual fibers separating them from each other.
Forms the endoneurial tube.
•Perineurium: Several nerves surrounded by layer of connective tissue.
•Epineurium: Nerve trunk itself surrounded by a loose layer of elastic tissue and CT.

48
Q

Name two diseases that destroy myelin sheaths

A

multiple sclerosis (MS), the body’s immune system T cells attack the myelin sheath that protects the nerve fibers. The T cells either partially or completely strip the myelin off the fibers, leaving the nerves unprotected and uninsulated.

Transverse myelitis : This neurological disorder often damages the insulating material covering nerve cell fibers (myelin). Transverse myelitis interrupts the messages that the spinal cord nerves send throughout the body. This can cause pain, muscle weakness, paralysis, sensory problems, or bladder and bowel dysfunction

49
Q

How are impulses conducted along a myelinated axon

A

Saltatory conduction (from the Latin saltare, to hop or leap) is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.

Physiology 3 And Physiology For GE (7 decks)

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