Endocrine System Flashcards
Difference between endocrine and exocrine giving two examples each
An exocrine gland is a gland that secretes its products into ducts that lead to the target tissue. Examples of exocrine glands are sweat, salivary, sebaceous, mucous gland. An endocrine gland is a gland which secretes its products directly into the blood stream. Examples of endocrine glands are pituitary gland, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, adrenal glan
Define paracrine signal
Signals that act locally between cells that are close together are called paracrine signals.
Signaling cell targets a nearby cell
Paracrine secretion :Substance released by cell that affects neighboring cells.
Example- Histamine released at site of injury to constrict blood vessel walls and stop bleeding
Define autocrine signaling and autocrine secretion
Cell targets itself
Autocrine signals are produced by signaling cells that can also bind to the ligand that is released. This means the signaling cell and the target cell can be the same or a similar cell (the prefix auto- means self, a reminder that the signaling cell sends a signal to itself
Neighboring cells of the same type or the secreting cell itself
●Substance released by cell that affects the secreting cells itself.
Example: Norepinephrine is released by a secretory cell in the adrenal medulla, and norepinephrine itself inhibits further release by the cell
Define endocrine signaling
Signal cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream
called hormones, signaling molecules that are produced in one part of the body but affect other body regions some distance away.
Hormones travel the large distances between endocrine cells and their target cells via the bloodstream,
Example bloodstream that affects distant cells.
●e.g. Estrogen is secreted by ovary
Define neurocrine signaling
Signaling cell targets a cell
connected by gap junctions
Gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants are connections between the plasma membranes of neighboring cells. These water-filled channels allow small signaling molecules, called intracellular
The transfer of signaling molecules communicates the current state of the cell that is directly next to the target cell
Example of neurocrine secretion : Oxytocin, vasopressin and the releasing hormones of the hypothalamus.
Which two ways are hormones regulated by homeostasis
Nerves ●fast ●governing ●Hormones ●mainly metabolism, growth, differentiation, reproduction Homeostasis
What is endocrinology
The study of chemical communication systems that provide the means to control a huge number of physiologic processes
Name five differences between nervous system and endocrine system
Nervous system: Local actions ●point-to-point ●muscles & glands ●Nerve fibers ●rapid ●Short duration ●Action potentials
Endocrine System ●Distant actions ●target cells ●activities of cells ●Body fluid ●slow ●Longer duration ●Hormone
Name two importance of endocrine system
Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body.
The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism , and reproduction.
The endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is released. This can depend on levels of hormones already in the blood, or on levels of other substances in the blood, like calcium.
Name the primary endocrine glands
hypothalamus pituitary thyroid parathyroids adrenals pineal body the ovaries the testes
Importance of the hypothalamus
system. Nerve cells in the hypothalamus make chemicals that control the release of hormones secreted from the pituitary gland.
Name five hormones secreted by the pituitary gland
growth hormone, which stimulates the growth of bone and other body tissues and plays a role in the body’s handling of nutrients and minerals
prolactin (pronounced: pro-LAK-tin), which activates milk production in women who are breastfeeding
thyrotropin (pronounced: thy-ruh-TRO-pin), which stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones
corticotropin (pronounced: kor-tih-ko-TRO-pin), which stimulates the adrenal gland to make certain hormones
antidiuretic (pronounced: an-ty-dy-uh-REH-tik) hormone, which helps control body water balance through its effect on the kidneys
oxytocin (pronounced: ahk-see-TOE-sin), which triggers the contractions of the uterus that happen during labor
The pituitary also secretes endorphins (pronounced: en-DOR-fins), chemicals that act on the nervous system and reduce feelings of pain. The pituitary also secretes hormones that signal the reproductive organs to make sex hormones. The pituitary gland also controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle in wome
Name a hormone produced by the thyroid gland
makes the thyroid hormones thyroxine (pronounced: thy-RAHK-sin) and triiodothyronine (pronounced: try-eye-oh-doe-THY-ruh-neen). These hormones control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to make energy. The more thyroid hormone there is in the bloodstream, the faster chemical reactions happen in the body.
Importance of the parathyroid hormone
work together called the parathyroids (pronounced: par-uh-THY-roydz). They release parathyroid hormone, which controls the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin (pronounced: kal-suh-TOE-nin), which the thyroid makes.
Hormones produced by the adrenal gland
The outer part is the adrenal cortex. It makes hormones called corticosteroids (pronounced: kor-tih-ko-STER-oydz) that help control salt and water balance in the body, the body’s response to stress, metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function.
The inner part is the adrenal medulla (pronounced: muh-DUH-luh). It makes catecholamines (pronounced: kah-tuh-KO-luh-meenz), such as epinephrine (pronounced: eh-puh-NEH-frun). Also called adrenaline, epinephrine increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body is under stress.
Name three hormones produced by the pancreas
The pancreas (pronounced: PAN-kree-us) makes insulin (pronounced: IN-suh-lin) and glucagon (pronounced: GLOO-kuh-gawn), which are hormones that control the level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood. Insulin helps keep the bod
Name three enzymes produced by the adrenal gland
Cortisol. ... Aldosterone. ... DHEA and Androgenic Steroids. ... Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) ... Adrenal Insuffici
Name three hormones produced by the heart
peptides: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain (or B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)
