Blood Physiology Flashcards
What is blood doping and state the risks Involved
When blood is injected into the body to increase the number of RBcs allowing more oxygen into working muscles and increasing endurance
Risks: kidney failure
Circulatory system overload
How do RBCs carry oxygen
Blood is pumped to the lungs to pick oxygen
Oxygen joins with haemoglobin in the TBC to form oxyhaemoglobin which is bright red
The oxygenated blood is pumped throughout the body
In the capillaries oxyhemoglobin is broken down and oxygen is set free. It passes out to the body cells
The blood is dull red because it is deoxygenated and is pumped to the lungs to get oxygen
Why do people in mountainous regions have more red blood cells
Those regions have less oxygen so they have higher number of RBCs so that blood cells can pick oxygen more effectively
What is blood doping
Blood is injected into the body to increase the number of red blood cells allowing more oxygen to the working muscles to increase endurance
What are the risks involved in blood doping
Kidney failure
Circulatory system overload
The solid parts of blood are what percentage of the total volume of blood?
45percent and most of the solid parts are the RBCs
Plasma is colloidal true or false
True
The liquid part of blood is made up of how much water and how much other things
91 percent water and 9 percent others
Importance of albumin found in the plasma
It regulates the movement of eater between tissues and blood
What is serum
Plasma which fibrinogen and substances involved with clotting have been removed as a result of clotting
Difference between serum and fibrinogen
Fibrinogen is responsible for the formation of blood clots while serum has no fibrinogen
Name types of white blood cells
Granulocytes- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes- lymphocytes, monocytes
Define hematocrit
Volume of RBC as a percentage of centrifuges whole blood
Male - 40-50percentage
Female- 37-48percentage
Name four physical properties of blood
Specific gravity
Viscosity
Osmotic pressure
Plasma pH
What does specific gravity depend on
Hematocrit and protein composition
Whole blood- 1.050-1.060
Plasma-1.025-1.035
RBC-1.090
What is viscosity dependent on
Hematocrit
What does osmotic pressure of blood depend on
Number of solute particles in the solution and not the particles chemical component and size
Name the types of osmotic pressure and explain
Colloid osmotic pressure: pressure generated by plasma proteins especially albumin. I
Crystalloid a pressure generated by all crystal substances particularly electrolytes. It balances the guild inside and outside the cell
Which osmotic pressure helps with fluid transfer across capillaries
Colloidal osmotic pressure
What is the normal pH of blood
7.35-7.45
What is a buffer system and give an example
System that resists changes in pH with addition of chalk acid or base example NaHCo3 / H2Co3
WhT is the structure of RBCs
Nixon cave and anucleate
Name three components of RBCs
Lipids
Hemoglobin
ATP
How are the parts of the RBC specialized to achieve specific functions
- The shape increases surface area so more oxygen can be carried
- Absence of nucleus gives RBC extra space to carry oxygen
- Contains haemo
- The small size of RBC helps them squeeze through tiny blood vessels without breaking
What is haemoglobin comprised of
4 globin molecules which transport carbon dioxide and nitric oxide
4 heme molecules which transport oxygen
hemo contains iron and gives RBCs their collie
What is the function of haemoglobin
When there is a high concentration of oxygen e.g in the alveoli haemoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. When the blood reaches the tissue which have a low concentration of oxygen the haemoglobin dissociates with the oxygen and the oxygen is released into body tissues
How does erythropoiesis occur
Nutritional requirement for erythropoiesis to occur
Folic acid
Vitamin B12
Iron
Oxygen supply is increased and kidney stimulates the release of erythropoietin which is now circulating in the bloodstream and stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
Stem cells from bone marrow- Proerythroblasts- early erythroblasts intermediate - late reticulocytes
Erythropoiesis is regulated by which hormones
Androgen and erythropoietin
What is the normal haemoglobin concentration in both males and females?
Males-120-160g/L
Female-110-150g/L
What is the normal RBC count in males and females
Male - 4.5-5.5
Female-3.8-4.6x1012/L
Physiological properties of red blood cells
Permeability
Deformability
Suspension stability
-ESR ( erythrocytes sedimentation rate) - the distance that red blood cells settle in a tube of blood in one hour
Under which condition are more erythrocytes produced
Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney produce erythropoietin in response to decreased oxygen delivery (as in anemia and hypoxia) or increased levels of androgens.
Which white blood cells are the most abundant
Neutrophils
What is another name for antigens on the surface of the red blood cell
Agglutinogens
Antibodies that react against agglutinogens are called
Agglutinins
What is the normal hematocrit value
45percent
Erythrocytes normally circulate in the blood for how long and expire for how long
4 months and expire for 35-40 days or two weeks
ABo agglutinogens are located on
Plasma membrane erythrocytes
What does it mean when hematocrit is high or low and what is hematocrit
Hematocrit is the volume of RBCs as a percentage of centrifuges whole blood
When hematocrit is low, it means there is a anaemia or the number of RBCs in your blood are low or you have a kidney disease or bone marrow disease or nutritional deficiency of iron , vitamin B12 or folate
When hematocrit is high it means you have polycythemia( many blood cells than normal in your blood), you have a lung disease or there’s dehydration
Why is hematocrit high in dehydration
Dehydration—this is the most common cause of a high hematocrit. As the volume of fluid in the blood drops, the RBCs per volume of fluid artificially rises; with adequate fluid intake, the hematocrit returns to normal.
Colloid pressure is gentler by
Plasma proteins especially albumin
Importance of colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure
Circulating blood tends to force fluid out of the blood vessels and into the tissues, where it results in edema (swelling from excess fluid). The pressure generated by the plasma proteins keeps the fluid within the blood vessels. Albumin also acts as a carrier for two materials necessary for the control of blood clotting: (1) antithrombin, which keeps the clotting enzyme thrombin from working unless needed, and (2) heparin cofactor, which is necessary for the anticlotting action of heparin.
Low albumin levels means there I a problem with your kidneys or liver. Why
The liver synthesizes albumin so if albumin level is low then the liver isn’t functioning properly
If albumin level is low meaning it’s because the kidney isn’t working properly causingalbumin to be excreted a lot into the urine causing low levels of albumin in the blood
High albumin levels means dehydration why
Albumin levels can rise when a person is dehydrated. This is a relative increase that occurs as the volume of plasma decreas
What induces platelet aggregation
ADP and collagen
Thrombin and thromboxane
What are the blood grouping and cross matching indications
1) to serve as a final check of ABO compatibility between donor red blood cells (RBCs) and patient plasma or serum and (2) to detect clinically significant antibodies that may have been missed by the antibody screening test.
Non specific immunity and specific immunity difference
Non specific- immunity you were born with and fights against all pathogens
Specific- protects the body against specific pathogens
What does an increase and decrease in neutrophils mean
Increase- inflammation
Decrease- neutropenia and rheumatoid arthritis
Function -phagocytic cells destroy bacteria
What causes high or low levels of eosinophils
High- eosinophilia (This condition most often indicates a parasitic infection, an allergic reaction or cancer.)types: blood and tissue eosinophilia
Low-result of intoxication from alcohol or excessive production of cortisol, like in Cushing’s disease.
Function-detoxify chemicals and reduce inflammation
High or low levels of basophils mean
Low- hyperthyroidism
Allergic reactions, infection
High- hypothyroidism,cancer,chronic inflammation, polycythemia
Function- allergic reactions
Releases histamine, heparin increase inflammation response
High or low levels of lymphocytes
High- leukemia, auto immune disorder causing chronic inflammation
Low- malnutrition, infection
What is osmotic fragility
susceptibility of a red blood cell to break apart when exposed to saline solutions of a lower osmotic pressure than that of the human cellular fluid
What is an isosmotic solution
Solutions which have the same calculated osmotic pressure are said to be
Types of phagocytes
Monocytes and macrophages(which most are derived from monocytes)
Granulocytes
Dendritic cells
Phagocytes produce what kind of response to infection and lymphocytes produce what kind of respond to infection
Phagocytes- non specific
Lymphocytes- specific
Types of lymphocytes
T cells and B cells
They produce antibodies
Name four movements of leukocytes
Ameboid
Chemotaxis
Diapedesis
Passive immunity and active immunity
What is passive immunity
Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.
What is active immunity
is defined as immunity to a pathogen that occurs following exposure to said pathogen. When the body is exposed to a novel disease agent, B cells, a type of white blood cell, create antibodies that assist in destroying or neutralizing the disease agen
What are the normal ranges for each type of WBC
WBC Count (109/L) %
Granulocytes
Neutrophils 2.0~7.0 50~70
Eosinophils 0~0.5 1~5
Basophils 0~0.1 0~1
Monocytes 0.1~0.8 1~8
Lymphocytes 0.8~4.0 20~40
Platelets in the bone marrow from
Megakaryocytes
What is the normal value of platelets
(100~300) x 109/L
Platelets travel around the cell in an inactivated state true or false
True
Explain clot formation
When you cut your hand,platelets stick to the surface of the wound and to each other. They then produce a substance that makes tiny fibers grow and RBCs get stuck in them causing a clot to form
The clot hardens to a scab and falls off when new skin grows
Physiological properties of platelets
Adhesion- they adhere to the vessel wall at the site of injury
Aggregation-platelets adhere to one another ( types-reversible and irreversible phase)
Release
If ADp is low and high in aggregation what does it do
Reversible phase-low
Irreversible- high
What events prevent excessive blood loss
Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels
–Platelet plug formation
–Coagulation or blood clotting
All the chemicals have to be present before aggregation occurs true or false
True
Stages of Coagulation
Activation of prothrombinase
–Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
–Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
O negative are the real universal donors why
Cuz RH negative can be transfused into patients with Rh positive and negative
Blood grouping is determined by what
The antigens(agglutinogen)on the RBC surface
Difference between agglutination and blood clotting
Agglutination means clumping of RBCs together due to antigen-antibody reaction (ABO incompatibility). … Blood coagulation, or clotting, is the process of converting blood into a semisolid jelly-like substance. Blood clot starts when there is an injury to the body.
Antigen A has what antibody(agglutinin)
Anti B antibody
Antigen B has what antibody
Anti A antibody
Antigen AB has which antibody
Neither anti a or anti b antibodies
O blood group which has no antigen has which antibodies
Anti a and anti b antibodies
Explain hemolytic disease of the newborn
Mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross placenta and cause agglutination and hemolysis of fetal RBCs
Cuz the antibodies will always attack the one with an antigen so because it’s the baby that has the antigen, the mother will produce antibodies to attack the antigen in the baby
HDN occurs when mother has RH negative and baby has RH positive true or false
True
Difference between Rh positive and RH negative
Rh positive -Have these antigens present on surface of RBCs
–Rh negative: Do not have these antigens present
Name three diagnostic blood tests
ESR- if high there’s an inflammation
FBc
Blood grouping
Name three blood disorders
Anaemia Erythrocytosis - RBC over abundance Leukemia Hepatitis Malaria- malaria parasite destroys the RBCs by moving its proteins into the RBCs thereby remodeling it and leading to its destruction causing reduced number of RBCs Septicemia
Clinical Importance of an increase in ESR
When there’s an inflammation which increases in some sickness bi
Check slides
How to know your blood type
The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood or anti A antibodies and anti B Antibodies.Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together. If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies.
The second step is called back typing. The liquid part of your blood without cells (serum) is mixed with blood that is known to be type A and type B. People with type A blood have anti-B antibodies. People with type B blood have anti-A antibodies. Type O blood contains both types of antibodies.
Or
They will mix some of your blood with commercially prepared anti-A and anti-B antibodies. If your blood cells agglutinate, or clump together, it means your sample has reacted with one of the antibodies. This is called forward typing.
Next, the technician will perform reverse typing. This calls for some of your serum to be mixed with type A and type B cells. Your sample with then be checked for signs of reaction.
Following that, the technician will perform Rh typing. This is when they mix some of your blood with antibodies against Rh factor. Signs of any reaction will be noted.
your blood cells clump only when mixed with:
anti-A antibodies, you have type A blood
anti-B antibodies, you have type B blood
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, you have type AB blood
If your blood cells don’t clump when mixed with either anti-A or anti-B antibodies, you have type O blood.
Back typing
If your serum causes clumping only when mixed with:
type B cells, you have type A blood
type A cells, you have type B blood
type A and B cells, you have type O blood
If your serum doesn’t cause clumping when mixed with either type A or B cells, you have type AB blood.
Rh typing
If your blood cells clump when mixed with anti-Rh antibodies, you have Rh+ blood. If they don’t clump, you have Rh- blood.
Crossmatching
If your blood cells clump when mixed with a donor sample, the donor blood is incompatible
Difference between blood typing and crossmatching
Blood typing and crossmatching are important parts of successful transfusion. … Blood typing focuses on the antigens on the surface of the red cell. Crossmatching focuses on antibodies in the plasma. In a crossmatch, donor red cells are mixed with the plasma of the recipient.
Name the importance of blood typing and crossmatching
Your doctor may order blood typing, crossmatching, or both if:
you’re scheduled to receive a blood transfusion or organ transplant
you’re scheduled to undergo a medical procedure where you face the risk of significant blood loss
you have certain medical conditions, such as severe anemia or a bleeding disorder
In case you want to donate blood to someone
Your doctor may also order blood typing if you’re pregnant. If your developing fetus has a different blood type than you, it raises their risk of developing a type of anemia called hemolytic disease
How is crossmatching done
To crossmatch your blood against donor blood or organs, the technician will mix a sample of your blood with a sample of the donor material. Again, they’ll check for signs of reaction.
Another name of HDN is?
Erythroblastosis
