Integumentary System Flashcards
Skin is sometimes referred to as
cutaneous membrane
Skin is thickest at where
Place where there is the most pressure (sole of feet)
Skin is thinnest where
eyelids
Biopsy
removal of tissue from the body for examination
Epidermal derivatives
structures/organs that develop from the epidermis like hair, nails, and glands
Physiology of the Integumentary system
- Protect the body from external factors
- Regulate body temperature
- Prevent water loss
- Synthesize Vitamin D when certain cells are exposed to UV
5.Contain nerve receptors - Excrete waste through sweat
- Immune response
3 layers of Skin
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
What is the Epidermis composed of
mostly epithelial tissue ( can also be nerve tissue)
Mostly squamous and stratifed
Superficial cells in the Epidermis are
Keratinized stratified squamos epithelial cells
Is the Epidermis vascular or avascular
avascular
Functions of the epidermis
- Prevent excess water loss of lower layers of skin (keratin)
- keep out pathogens and allergens (keratin)
- Protection from physical harm (stratified)
- Produces melanin to protect from UV (melanocytes)
- Touch sensations (nerves)
5 layers of the Epidermis
- Stratum Corneum
- Stratum lucidium (found in thicker areas of skin)
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum germinativum (basale)
important cells in the epidermis
- Keratinocytes-cells that produce keratin
- Melanocytes- cells that produce melanin
- Langerhans cells- cells that aid immune system for skin and are damaged by UV radiation
- Merkel cells- Mechanoreceptors that sense touch
What is the Dermis composed of
Mostly of connective tissue but contains all 4 types of tissue
The dense connective tissue includes
tough collagen fiber and elastic fibers
Which layer of skin is the thickest
Dermis
Is the dermis vascular or avascular
vascular
how is the Dermis connected to the epidermis
by the basement membrane
What are the 2 layers of the dermis
Papillary (upper layer and Reticular (lower layer)
Why is the boundary between the epidermis and the dermis uneven
epidermal ridges project inward and the top of dermal (dermal papillae) extend in those areas
Important cells in the Dermis
- Fibroblasts-cells that produce fibers
- Macrophages- cells that engulf other cells (virtues and bacteria)
Adipocytes- cells that produce and store ft
What are some structures in the Dermis
Suboriferous and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, blood vessels, and adipose tissue
What is the Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) mostly composed of
mostly connective tissue (adipose), some nerve tissue, and blood vessels.
Is the Hypodermis vascular or avascular
vascular
What are the nerve endings in the epidermis sensitive to
pressure and touch
What are the nerve endings in the Dermis sensitive to
heat, pain, pressure, and touch
What are the nerve endings in the Hypodermis sensitive to
cold and pressure
What are the functions of the Hypodermis
insulation, energy storage, and protection
ABCDE’s for skin (melanoma) cancer detection
- Asymmetry- one half of a mole doesn’t match the other half
- Border irregularity-edge is ragged or blurred
- Color if the color varies from one area to another
- Diameter larger than 6mm circle
- Evolution- change in color and shape
Factors that affect the color of skin
- Genetics
- Environment factors
- Nutrition
- Disease or disorder
- Blood circulation
Jaundice
condition where skin turns a yellowish shade by bilirubin in the epidermis
Albinism
Inherited inability to produce melanin
Vitiligo
partial or complete loss of melancytes from areas of skin
Cyanosis
condition in which bluish skin color is caused by lack of oxygen
Melanin
a pigment you produce that gives your skin, hair, and iris its color
Do any people have the same amount of melanocytes
yes but some people’s melanocytes produce more melanin making them darker
When is melanin produced
to protect us from the sun
2 types of melanin
- Eumelanin-brown to black pigment
- Pheomelanin-reddish to yellow pigment
What is melanin and what results from different kinds and amounts
Melanin is a protein and different skin colors results from different kinds and amounts
How much exposure does our skin need per week for Vitamin D production
an hour
What are nails
Hard keratinized epidermal cells over the surface of finger and toes that function for protection and grabbing objects. It’s cell division takes place in the nail matrix
Where is hair present
all skin surfaces expect: soles, palms, lips, nipples, and parts of external reproductive organs
Functions of hair
Insulation and protection
Hair follicle
tube-like depression in skin where hair develops.
What are attached to hair follicles
Arrector pili muscles and sebaceous glands
What is a sebaceous gland
oil gland
What does sebaceous glands do
produce sebum that moistens hair, waterproofs skin, softens skin, and inhibits bacterial growth
Where are sebaceous glands found
Connected to hair follicles and are absent in palms and soles
What do sudoriferous glands do
produces swat to regulate body temperature and carry wastes to the surface of skin.
What are some specialized sudoriferous glands
Mammary glands- secrete milk
ceruminous glands- secrete ear wax
Eccrine sweat gland
Most numerous sweat gland, activated when there is elevated body temperature caused by environmental heat or physical exercise and are commonly found in the forehead, neck, and back
What is the sweat like in Eccrine glands
mostly water carried to the surface through a duct to a pore
Apocrine sweat glands
Initially activated later in life due to increased hormones at puberty and produce sweat when a person is upset, freighted, or in pain
Where are Apocrine sweat glands found and what is different about its sweat
It is most numerous in the groin, axillary regions, and they connect to hair follicles.The sweat has a higher composition of fat
THe Apocrine’s modified glands
mammary and ceruminous glands
What happens when you get a shallow injury on your skin
Epithelial cells along the injury reproduce faster
What happens when the injury reaches the dermal or subcutaneous layer
blood vessels break, clot form from escaping blood, scab formation, fibroblasts form fibers to bind edges of wound, phagocytic cells get rid of dead cells and other debris
Epidermal ridges
Ridges on the superficial surface of he skin palms, fingers, soles, and toes
What are the functions of epidermis ridges
Increase grip of the hand or foot by increasing friction, form finger prints and footprints and the pattern is unique to each person.
How are epidermis ridges created
by the layer in the Dermis called the dermal papillae
swelling of the skin (rash)
Dermatitis
Allergen
something to which you are allergic
rash caused by contact with a allergen
Allergic contact dermatitis
Chemical released from mast cells in response to an allergen
Histamine
itching
Pruritus
dry skin
xerosis
excessive sweating
Hyperhidrosis
decreased sweating
Anhidrosis
accumulation of melanin in patches that is not usually not cancerous
Freckle (Ephelides)
A benign growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes.
Mole (Nevus)
protein found in hair, skin, and nails that give strength and waterproofing
Keratin
oil produced by sebaceous glands and keeps skin and hair soft and waterproof
Sebum
hair loss
Alopecia
Allergic reaction of the skin that produces reddish elevated patches
Urticaria (hives)
open sore
Ulcer
hair follicle that develop in 5th month of fetal development that recede beneath the skin near birth
Lanugo
Disorder where hair follicles produce hair in areas that usually don’t have hair
Hypertrichosis
Oil or resin contained in poison ivy
Urushiol
Thermoreceptors
receptors that sense temperature ( if the temp becomes colder the receptors that sense the cold will be more active and the heat ones will be less.)
Nociceptors
sense pain but can’t tell what kind of pain
Mechanoreceptors
sense physical change
a skin condition and it cause itchy and dry patches of the skin and it weakens the skin barrier function. It is caused a overactive response by the body’s immune system immune system when it come in contact with a trigger.
Eczema (Atopic dermatitis) and Some treatments include avoiding triggers, moisturizers, and anti-inflammatory medicines (not contagious)
a long-term skin disease where skin cells grow faster than usual in an area that causes scaly patches and rashes commonly around elbows, knees, scalp, and trunk. It is caused by a problem in the Immune system and while appear when a person comes in contact with triggers.
Psoriasis and Treatments include topical steriods and retenoids. (Not contagious)
a contagious itchy fungal infection that causes ring-shaped patterns on the skin
It is caused when a type of fungus that starts growing also caused when your skin comes in contact with someone else’s skin the has the infection.
Tinea Corporis (Ringworm) Treatments include antifungal medication and Antifungal creams wash clothes and beddings. (Is contagious)
contagious bumps that are painful and form around the lips (ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE LIPS. It is caused by (HSV-1 HSV-2)
Cold sore/Fever blister Some treatments include topical antiviral medications and topical anesthetics. (It is contagious)
non-cancerous growths that develop on the skin (CAUSED BY HPV)
Warts Some treatments include medical freezing and salicylic acid. (It is contagious)
an infection that causes a red rash that blisters and then scabs. caused by VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS (VZV)
Chickenpox Some treatments include the vaccine and a cold moist rag. (It is contagious)
a viral infection that causes painful blisters or rash on the skin. Other symptoms include fever, chills, feeling tired, and headache, It is caused after getting the chickenpox virus and this virus doesn’t leave your body (lives in the nerves in your spinal cord).If this virus is reactivated shingles will appear (CAUSED BY VZV ALSO).
Shingles (Herpes Zoster) Some treatments include tylenol and antihistamines (It is not contagious)
your Skin’s reaction to little bugs making tunnels under your skin this reaction develops an itchy rash and red bumps. It is caused by a itch mite called Sarcoptes scabiei
Scabies Treatments include antihistamines (deals with inflammation) and drugs to kill the bugs. (It is contagious)
a contagious fungal infection that causes itchy skin, rashs, and stinging on your feet
It is caused by contact with infected someone, a surface they touched or a flake of skin their skin that’s infected.
Tinea pedis (Athlete’s foot) Some treatments include antifungal medications and antifungal creams
(It is contagious)
skin condition that causes itchy red patches and greasy scales on skin with powdery flakes of the scalp. Causes include genetic history and overproduction of sebum, and irritation from a yeast called malessizia.
Seborrheic Dermatitis (Dandruff) Treatments include antifungal shampoos, OTC shampoos, and topical antifungals (Not contagious)
a type of mouth sore (INSIDE THE MOUTH AND TONGUE) It can be caused by stress, minor injuries to the inside of your mouth, acidic foods, or dental appliances (NOT CAUSED BY BACTERIA OR VIRUS).
Canker sore Treatments include topical anesthetics and corticosteroid ointments.
(Not contagious)
a skin condition that are a type of swelling on the surface of the skin and happen due to allergic reactions. Hives are caused due to an allergic reaction
Urticaria Treatments include steroids and antihistamines (Not contagious)
