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KIN 260 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

All parts of the integumentary system

A

Skin
Hair
Skin glands (sebaceous, sudoriferous)
Nails

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2
Q

Skin

A

Largest organ in the body (surface area and weight)
Ranges from 0.5mm (eyelids) to 4.0mm (heels) thick
Has 2 layers
Epidermis – superficial layer, thin, epithelial tissue
Dermis – deep layer, thicker, connective tissue

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3
Q

Epidermis –

A

superficial layer, thin, epithelial tissue
dense and highly packed skin cells

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4
Q

Dermis –

A

deep layer, thicker, connective tissue
The dermis is attached to the underlying fascia by a subcutaneous layer of areolar and adipose tissues

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5
Q

Top layer of skin

A

Epidermis

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6
Q

middle layer of skin

A

Dermis

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7
Q

Deep layer of skin

A

subcutaneous layer

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8
Q

Epidermis – Cell Types

A

Keratinocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
Melanocytes

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9
Q

Keratinocytes

A

~90% of epidermal cells
Produce keratin (tough, fibrous protein) and lamellar granules (release water-resistant lipids)

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10
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Migrate to the epidermis from red bone marrow
Contribute to the body’s immune responses

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11
Q

Merkel cells

A

Located in the deepest layer of the epidermis
Contact specific sensory receptors (Merkel discs) that detect touch sensations

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12
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin (pigment that absorbs UV light)
Slender projections transfer melanin to keratinocytes

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13
Q

Epidermis – Structure

A

The epidermis has 4-5 layers of keratinocytes in various stages of development
“Thin skin” (4 layers) – covers most of the body
“Thick skin” (5 layers) – covers areas exposed to friction
(e.g., palms of the hand, soles of the feet)
Keratinocytes are formed in the deepest layer and slowly get pushed to the surface
They accumulate more keratin as they proceed and eventually undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) before being sloughed off

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14
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Single row of columnar keratinocytes that act as stem cells (continually undergo cell division to produce new cells)
in the deepest layer of the skin

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15
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

8-10 layers of many-sided keratinocytes
middle area of the skin

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16
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that undergo apoptosis
Production of keratin and lamellar granules
right above the middle of skin

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17
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

4-6 layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes that have large amounts of keratin
Only present in thick skin
below the superficial layer of skin

18
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

25-30 layers of flat dead keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin
Superficial layers are continually sloughed off and replaced
It takes ~1 month to shed and regrow your epidermis
Therefore, you grow ~1000 skins in a lifetime
the most superficial layer of skin

19
Q

Dermis

A

Composed primarily of a strong, flexible connective tissue network of collagen and elastic fibers
Contains few cells (e.g., fibroblasts, macrophages)
Embedded with the dermis are:
Hair follicles
Glands
Blood vessels
Tactile sensory receptors & nerve endings
(The epidermis does NOT contain any of these structures)

20
Q

Papillary region

A

Superficial portion (thin)
Areolar connective tissue and thin collagen/elastic fibers
Projections into the epidermis called dermal papillae increase the dermal contact surface

21
Q

Reticular Region

A

Deep portion (thick)
Dense irregular connective tissue and thick collagen/elastic fibers
Gives the skin its elasticity and extensibility

22
Q

2 regions of the dermis

A

Papillary
Reticular

23
Q

hair

A

Composed of circular columns of dead keratinized epidermal cells that are bonded together by proteins
Includes a:
Shaft – superficial portion that projects above the skin
Root – deep portion that penetrates into the dermis

24
Q

what is the shaft and root of the hair consist of?

A

three concentric layers of cells
(medulla, cortex, cuticle)

25
Q

what is surrounding the root of the hair?

A

the hair follicle
Internal root sheath – cellular tubular sheath
External root sheath – downward extension of the epidermis

26
Q

what is surrounding the hair follicle?

A

a layer of dense dermis called a dermal root sheath

27
Q

What is the base of a hair follicle called?

A

bulb, which has an indentation called a papilla

28
Q

what does The papilla contain?

A

Hair matrix (germinal layer of cells that arise from the epidermis)
Blood vessels (nourish the growing hair follicle)

29
Q

Also associated with hair follicles are:

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands
Arrector pili (smooth muscle)
Hair root plexuses (nerve endings – touch sensations)

30
Q

2 types of Skin Glands

A

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands

31
Q

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

A

Most open into hair follicles (some open directly onto the skin surface – e.g., lips, genitals)
Absent in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
Release an oily substance called sebum, which functions to:
Keep hair from drying out
Prevent water evaporation from the skin
Keep the skin soft and pliable
Inhibit growth of some bacteria

32
Q

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands

A

Release sweat into hair follicles or onto the skin surface
“Eccrine sweat glands”
Present in most regions of the body
Sweat consists of water, ions, urea, and ammonia
Main function is to help regulate body temperature
“Apocrine sweat glands”
Present in the axilla, groin, breasts, and face
Sweat also contains lipids/proteins that are metabolized by bacteria (odour)
Start to function around puberty and are stimulated by emotional stress

33
Q

what are Nails

A

Plates of tightly packed dead keratinized epidermal cells

34
Q

Nail Body

A

Visible portion
Free edge is white due to no underlying capillaries
Lunula is white due to thick epithelium in the area

35
Q

Nail Root

A

Buried in a fold of skin
Deep to the root is the nail matrix
(germinal layer of cells that arise from the epidermis)

36
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A

Protection
Regulates body temperature
Eliminates wastes
Helps make vitamin D
Cutaneous sensation

37
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System - Protection

A

Keratin protects the skin and underlying tissues from the external environment (e.g., heat, microbes, chemicals)
Lipids released from lamellar granules prevent water from entering or leaving the body
Melanin absorbs harmful UV light
Langerhans cells (epidermis) and macrophages (dermis) assist in immunity

38
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System - Regulates body temperature

A

Evaporation of sweat

39
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System - Eliminates wastes

A

Evaporation of sweat

40
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System - Helps make vitamin D

A

UV light activates a precursor molecule produced in the skin

41
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System - Cutaneous sensation

A

Touch, pain, and temperature sensations are detected by the various tactile receptors and nerve endings

42
Q
A

KIN 260 (10 decks)

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