Axial Skeleton 1

Question 1

Skull - Most of the bones are fused together by immovable joints called

Answer 1

sutures

Question 2

Main function of skull

Answer 2

Its main function is to protect the brain (cranial cavity)

Question 3

the skull’s surface markings serve

Answer 3

as muscle attachment sites and passageways for blood vessels and nerves

Question 4

In addition to the cranial cavity, some skull bones form the

Answer 4

orbits and nasal cavity

Question 5

Some skull bones also contain

Answer 5

smaller cavities (e.g., paranasal sinuses, middle and inner ear structures)

Question 6

2 bone groups of the skull

Answer 6

Cranial Bones (8) - Form the cranial cavity (protects the brain)

Facial Bones (14) - Form the face

Question 7

All Cranial Bones

Answer 7

Frontal bone
Parietal bones (2) - one left one right
Temporal bones (2) - one left one right
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone

Question 8

Frontal Bone Forms

Answer 8

The forehead
The anterior portion of the cranial cavity
Part of each orbit

Question 9

Frontal bone landmarks

Answer 9

Supraorbital margin (the ridge that separates the forehead from the superior part of the orbit

Supraorbital foramen (towards the midline from the supraorbital)
Artery & nerve

Question 10

Parietal Bones (2) Form

Answer 10

Form:
The top and upper part of the sides of the head
Most of the superolateral portion of the cranial cavity

Question 11

Temporal Bones (2) form

Answer 11

Form:
The lower part of the sides of the head (“temples”)
Most of the inferolateral portion of the cranial cavity

Question 12

Temporal Bones features

Answer 12

Features:
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Stylomastoid foramen - CN VII
Carotid foramen - Internal carotid artery
Jugular foramen - Internal jugular vein, CN IX, CN X, CN XI

Question 13

Temporal Bones (2) outside features

Answer 13

Features:
Zygomatic process - Zygomatic bone
Mandibular fossa -Mandible
External auditory meatus
Internal auditory meatus - CN VII, CN VIII

Question 14

Parts of the ear

Answer 14

Tympanic membrane
“Eardrum”
Middle ear
Cavity in the temporal bone
Inner ear
Cavity in the temporal bone
Oval window
Opening in a bony partition between middle/inner ears

Question 15

3 small bones of middle ear

Answer 15

Malleus (“hammer”) - physically attatched tympanic membrane
Incus (“anvil”)
Stapes (“stirrup”) - Attached to a membrane covering the oval window

Question 16

How do our ears work?

Answer 16

Sounds come in through the outer ear and vibrate the tympanic membrane, these vibrations are sent to the “Auditory ossicles”
(Smallest bones in the body)
then to the cochlea

Question 17

Auditory (Eustachian) tube

Answer 17

Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx (throat)
Assists with pressure equalization in the middle ear
Route for pathogens into the middle ear (infection)

Question 18

Occipital Bone form

Answer 18

Forms:
The back of the head
The posteroinferior portion of the cranial cavity

Question 19

Occipital Bone landmarks

Answer 19

External occipital protuberance- Muscle attachments (back of head in line with tops of ear lobes)
Superior nuchal line - Muscle attachments (ridges lateral from EOP)
Inferior nuchal line - Muscle attachments
Occipital condyles -
First cervical vertebra (C1)
Foramen magnum - Medulla oblongata, CN XI, vertebral arteries

Question 20

Sphenoid Bone forms

Answer 20

Forms:
The middle part of the inferior portion of the cranial cavity
Part of each orbit
Part of the nasal cavity

Question 21

“Sphenoid” = “wedge” (Greek)

Answer 21

The “keystone” to the cranial floor since it articulates with all of the other cranial bones

Question 22

Sphenoid landmarks

Answer 22

body
sphenoid sinus
sella turcica - Pituitary gland

Question 23

Sphenoid wings

Answer 23

Greater wing (2)
Lesser wing (2)
Pterygoid process (4) - muscle attachments

Question 24

Two openings of the back of the orbit of the Sphenoid bone

Answer 24

Optic foramen - CN II
Superior orbital fissure - CN III, CN IV, CN V, CN VI

Question 25

2 Greater wing openings of the Sphenoid bone

Answer 25

Foramen rotundum (2) (anterior) Foramen Ovale (2) (interior)

Question 26

Ethmoid Bone forms

Answer 26

Forms: Part of the anteroinferior portion of the cranial floor Part of each orbit Part of the border of the nasal cavity

Question 27

“Ethmoid” = “sieve-like” (Greek)

Answer 27

Sponge-like in appearance with lots of small cavities

Question 28

Ethmoid Bone - landmarks

Answer 28

Cribriform plate Olfactory foramina - CN I - opening - smell reseptors crista galli - supior projection

Question 29

Ethmoid Bone - landmarks (inferior to Cribriform plate)

Answer 29

Perpendicular plate - Part of the nasal septum Lateral mass (2) - Wall of the nasal cavity Ethmoidal sinuses -

Question 30

Landmarks mideal to each lateral mass

Answer 30

Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha -creates turbulance as air enters to become moist and warm -These conchae increase the surface area of the nasal mucous membranes, which act to warm and moisten the air

Question 31

Facial Bones

Answer 31

Nasal bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Maxillae (2) Palatine bones (2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae (2) Mandible

Question 32

Zygomatic bones and Temporal meet how?

Answer 32

the temporal process and zyomatic process meet together to create the "zygomatic arch" the temporal process is part of the zyomatic bone and vice versa

Question 33

Palatine bones forms

Answer 33

posterior Part of the hard palate

Question 34

maxillae bones forms

Answer 34

contains Infraorbital foramen Artery & nerve Each bone forms part of the hard palate and contains a maxillary sinus

Question 35

Vomer is where

Answer 35

inferior to the parapedicular plate of the ethmoid bone (Part of the nasal septum)

Question 36

Inferior nasal conchae (2) is where

Answer 36

lateral walls of nasel cavity inferior to the middle nasal cavity of the ethmoid bone

Question 37

Mandible landmarks

Answer 37

Mandibular foramen (2) - Entry to the mandibular canal, which carries arteries and nerves to the teeth Ramus - superior to the skull Angle - between ramus and body Body - lower teeth Condylar process (2) Temporal bone Temporomandibular joint Coronoid process (2) both processes are connected by Mandibular notch (2)

Question 38

Bones that form each orbit (eye sockect)

Answer 38

Roof Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Lateral wall Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone Medial wall Maxilla Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Floor Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone

Question 39

Nasal Septum

Answer 39

Separates the nasal cavity into left and right sides Composed of cartilage (anteriorly) and bone (posteriorly) - Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) and vomer

Question 40

Paranasal Sinuses

Answer 40

Cavities within certain bones lined with mucous membranes that are continuous with the nasal cavity Function to decrease the weight of the skull and increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa (moisten/clean inhaled air) Bones that have sinuses include the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and maxillae

Question 41

Each bone in the sinus have sinus what are they called?

Answer 41

same but with sinus at the end

Question 42

Hyoid Bone

Answer 42

Located in the anterior neck between the mandible and larynx Does not articulate with any other bone! Provides attachment sites for muscles of the tongue, pharynx, and anterior neck Assists in tongue movements and swallowing